Make web search auto-switch with UI language

Default the sample web search provider to auto, route Sogou vs DuckDuckGo dynamically based on query/UI language, and sync frontend language changes back to the backend so Current Service and runtime selection stay aligned.

config/config.example.json

@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
         "base_url": "",
         "max_results": 0
       },
-      "provider": "sogou",
+      "provider": "auto",
       "sogou": {
         "enabled": true,
         "max_results": 5

pkg/config/config_test.go

@@ -767,6 +767,21 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_WebProviderIsAuto(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestConfigExample_WebProviderIsAuto(t *testing.T) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("..", "..", "config", "config.example.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile(config.example.json) error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var cfg Config
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unmarshal(config.example.json) error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if cfg.Tools.Web.Provider != "auto" {
+		t.Fatalf("config.example.json tools.web.provider = %q, want auto", cfg.Tools.Web.Provider)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDefaultConfig_ToolFeedbackDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()
 	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.ToolFeedback.Enabled {

pkg/tools/web.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
+	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
@@ -57,6 +58,8 @@ var (
 	reSogouRealURL = regexp.MustCompile(`url=([^&]+)`)
 )
 
+var preferredWebSearchLanguage atomic.Value
+
 type APIKeyPool struct {
 	keys    []string
 	current uint32
@@ -247,6 +250,27 @@ func mapBaiduRecencyFilter(rangeCode string) string {
 	}
 }
 
+func normalizePreferredWebSearchLanguage(lang string) string {
+	lang = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(lang))
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasPrefix(lang, "zh"), lang == "chinese":
+		return "zh"
+	case strings.HasPrefix(lang, "en"), lang == "english":
+		return "en"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+func SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage(lang string) {
+	preferredWebSearchLanguage.Store(normalizePreferredWebSearchLanguage(lang))
+}
+
+func GetPreferredWebSearchLanguage() string {
+	lang, _ := preferredWebSearchLanguage.Load().(string)
+	return lang
+}
+
 type BraveSearchProvider struct {
 	keyPool *APIKeyPool
 	proxy   string
@@ -1050,6 +1074,7 @@ func (p *BaiduSearchProvider) Search(
 type WebSearchTool struct {
 	provider         SearchProvider
 	maxResults       int
+	providerResolver func(query string) (SearchProvider, int)
 }
 
 type WebSearchToolOptions struct {
@@ -1228,23 +1253,103 @@ func (opts WebSearchToolOptions) providerByName(name string) (SearchProvider, in
 	}
 }
 
-func NewWebSearchTool(opts WebSearchToolOptions) (*WebSearchTool, error) {
+func containsHan(text string) bool {
-	provider, maxResults, err := opts.providerByName(opts.Provider)
+	for _, r := range text {
+		if unicode.Is(unicode.Han, r) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func containsLatinLetter(text string) bool {
+	for _, r := range text {
+		if unicode.IsLetter(r) && unicode.In(r, unicode.Latin) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func prefersDuckDuckGoQuery(text string) bool {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(text)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return GetPreferredWebSearchLanguage() == "en"
+	}
+	if containsHan(trimmed) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if containsLatinLetter(trimmed) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return GetPreferredWebSearchLanguage() == "en"
+}
+
+func (opts WebSearchToolOptions) buildProviderResolver() (func(query string) (SearchProvider, int), error) {
+	providerName := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(opts.Provider))
+	if providerName != "" && providerName != "auto" {
+		provider, maxResults, err := opts.providerByName(providerName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-
 		if provider == nil {
-		for _, name := range []string{"perplexity", "brave", "searxng", "tavily", "sogou", "duckduckgo", "baidu_search", "glm_search"} {
+			return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return nil, 0 }, nil
-			provider, maxResults, err = opts.providerByName(name)
+		}
+		return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return provider, maxResults }, nil
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"perplexity", "brave", "searxng", "tavily"} {
+		provider, maxResults, err := opts.providerByName(name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		if provider != nil {
-				break
+			return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return provider, maxResults }, nil
 		}
 	}
+
+	sogouProvider, sogouMaxResults, err := opts.providerByName("sogou")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	duckProvider, duckMaxResults, err := opts.providerByName("duckduckgo")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if sogouProvider != nil && duckProvider != nil {
+		return func(query string) (SearchProvider, int) {
+			if prefersDuckDuckGoQuery(query) {
+				return duckProvider, duckMaxResults
+			}
+			return sogouProvider, sogouMaxResults
+		}, nil
+	}
+	if sogouProvider != nil {
+		return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return sogouProvider, sogouMaxResults }, nil
+	}
+	if duckProvider != nil {
+		return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return duckProvider, duckMaxResults }, nil
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"baidu_search", "glm_search"} {
+		provider, maxResults, err := opts.providerByName(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if provider != nil {
+			return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return provider, maxResults }, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return func(string) (SearchProvider, int) { return nil, 0 }, nil
+}
+
+func NewWebSearchTool(opts WebSearchToolOptions) (*WebSearchTool, error) {
+	resolver, err := opts.buildProviderResolver()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	provider, maxResults := resolver("")
 	if provider == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -1252,6 +1357,7 @@ func NewWebSearchTool(opts WebSearchToolOptions) (*WebSearchTool, error) {
 	return &WebSearchTool{
 		provider:         provider,
 		maxResults:       maxResults,
+		providerResolver: resolver,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -1294,13 +1400,22 @@ func (t *WebSearchTool) Execute(ctx context.Context, args map[string]any) *ToolR
 	}
 	query = strings.TrimSpace(query)
 
-	count64, err := getInt64Arg(args, "count", int64(t.maxResults))
+	provider := t.provider
+	maxResults := t.maxResults
+	if t.providerResolver != nil {
+		provider, maxResults = t.providerResolver(query)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		return ErrorResult("search provider is not configured")
+	}
+
+	count64, err := getInt64Arg(args, "count", int64(maxResults))
 	if err != nil {
 		return ErrorResult(err.Error())
 	}
-	count := t.maxResults
+	count := maxResults
 	if count64 > 0 && count64 <= 10 {
-		count = int(count64)
+		count = min(int(count64), maxResults)
 	}
 
 	rangeCode, err := normalizeSearchRange("")
@@ -1318,7 +1433,7 @@ func (t *WebSearchTool) Execute(ctx context.Context, args map[string]any) *ToolR
 		}
 	}
 
-	result, err := t.provider.Search(ctx, query, count, rangeCode)
+	result, err := provider.Search(ctx, query, count, rangeCode)
 	if err != nil {
 		return ErrorResult(fmt.Sprintf("search failed: %v", err))
 	}

pkg/tools/web_test.go

@@ -1726,6 +1726,50 @@ func TestApplySogouRangeHint(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestPrefersDuckDuckGoQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		query string
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "english words", query: "golang web search", want: true},
+		{name: "english with numbers", query: "OpenAI o3 price 2026", want: true},
+		{name: "chinese", query: "今天上海天气", want: false},
+		{name: "mixed with han", query: "golang 中文 教程", want: false},
+		{name: "numbers only", query: "2026 04 15", want: false},
+		{name: "blank", query: "   ", want: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := prefersDuckDuckGoQuery(tt.query); got != tt.want {
+				t.Fatalf("prefersDuckDuckGoQuery(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.query, got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPrefersDuckDuckGoQuery_FallsBackToPreferredLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("en")
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	})
+
+	if !prefersDuckDuckGoQuery("2026 04 15") {
+		t.Fatal("numeric query should prefer DuckDuckGo when preferred language is English")
+	}
+
+	SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("zh")
+	if prefersDuckDuckGoQuery("2026 04 15") {
+		t.Fatal("numeric query should prefer Sogou when preferred language is Chinese")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWebTool_SogouPriorityAndExplicitProvider(t *testing.T) {
 	tool, err := NewWebSearchTool(WebSearchToolOptions{
 		SogouEnabled:         true,
@@ -1773,6 +1817,55 @@ func TestWebTool_AutoProviderPrefersConfiguredProvidersBeforeSogou(t *testing.T)
 	}
 }
 
+type stubSearchProvider struct {
+	result string
+	calls  []string
+}
+
+func (p *stubSearchProvider) Search(
+	_ context.Context,
+	query string,
+	_ int,
+	_ string,
+) (string, error) {
+	p.calls = append(p.calls, query)
+	return p.result, nil
+}
+
+func TestWebTool_AutoProviderRoutesQueryLanguageBetweenSogouAndDuckDuckGo(t *testing.T) {
+	sogouProvider := &stubSearchProvider{result: "via sogou"}
+	duckProvider := &stubSearchProvider{result: "via duckduckgo"}
+	tool := &WebSearchTool{
+		provider:   sogouProvider,
+		maxResults: 5,
+		providerResolver: func(query string) (SearchProvider, int) {
+			if prefersDuckDuckGoQuery(query) {
+				return duckProvider, 3
+			}
+			return sogouProvider, 5
+		},
+	}
+
+	enResult := tool.Execute(context.Background(), map[string]any{"query": "golang concurrency", "count": 10})
+	if enResult.IsError {
+		t.Fatalf("english Execute() returned error: %s", enResult.ForLLM)
+	}
+	if len(duckProvider.calls) != 1 || duckProvider.calls[0] != "golang concurrency" {
+		t.Fatalf("english query should use DuckDuckGo provider, calls=%v", duckProvider.calls)
+	}
+	if len(sogouProvider.calls) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("english query should not call Sogou provider, calls=%v", sogouProvider.calls)
+	}
+
+	zhResult := tool.Execute(context.Background(), map[string]any{"query": "今天上海天气"})
+	if zhResult.IsError {
+		t.Fatalf("chinese Execute() returned error: %s", zhResult.ForLLM)
+	}
+	if len(sogouProvider.calls) != 1 || sogouProvider.calls[0] != "今天上海天气" {
+		t.Fatalf("chinese query should use Sogou provider, calls=%v", sogouProvider.calls)
+	}
+}
+
 type roundTripFunc func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
 
 func (fn roundTripFunc) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {

web/backend/api/router.go

@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func (h *Handler) RegisterRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
 	// Skills and tools support/actions
 	h.registerSkillRoutes(mux)
 	h.registerToolRoutes(mux)
+	h.registerUIRoutes(mux)
 
 	// OS startup / launch-at-login
 	h.registerStartupRoutes(mux)

web/backend/api/tools.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	picotools "github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
 )
 
 type toolCatalogEntry struct {
@@ -640,7 +641,27 @@ func resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider(cfg *config.Config) string {
 	if selected != "" && selected != "auto" && webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, selected) {
 		return selected
 	}
-	for _, name := range []string{"perplexity", "brave", "searxng", "tavily", "sogou", "duckduckgo", "baidu_search", "glm_search"} {
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"perplexity", "brave", "searxng", "tavily"} {
+		if webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, name) {
+			return name
+		}
+	}
+
+	if webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, "sogou") && webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, "duckduckgo") {
+		if picotools.GetPreferredWebSearchLanguage() == "en" {
+			return "duckduckgo"
+		}
+		return "sogou"
+	}
+	if webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, "sogou") {
+		return "sogou"
+	}
+	if webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, "duckduckgo") {
+		return "duckduckgo"
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"baidu_search", "glm_search"} {
 		if webSearchProviderConfigured(cfg, name) {
 			return name
 		}

web/backend/api/tools_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	picotools "github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
 )
 
 func TestHandleListTools(t *testing.T) {
@@ -391,3 +392,24 @@ func TestResolveCurrentWebSearchProvider_PrefersConfiguredProvidersBeforeSogou(t
 		t.Fatalf("resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider() = %q, want brave", got)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestResolveCurrentWebSearchProvider_UsesPreferredLanguageForSogouAndDuckDuckGo(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Tools.Web.Provider = "auto"
+	cfg.Tools.Web.Sogou.Enabled = true
+	cfg.Tools.Web.DuckDuckGo.Enabled = true
+
+	picotools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("en")
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		picotools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	})
+
+	if got := resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider(cfg); got != "duckduckgo" {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider() = %q, want duckduckgo", got)
+	}
+
+	picotools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("zh")
+	if got := resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider(cfg); got != "sogou" {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveCurrentWebSearchProvider() = %q, want sogou", got)
+	}
+}

web/backend/api/ui.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
+)
+
+type uiLanguageRequest struct {
+	Language string `json:"language"`
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) registerUIRoutes(mux *http.ServeMux) {
+	mux.HandleFunc("POST /api/ui/language", h.handleSetUILanguage)
+}
+
+func (h *Handler) handleSetUILanguage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	var req uiLanguageRequest
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, "invalid request body", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	tools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage(req.Language)
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+}

web/backend/api/ui_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
+)
+
+func TestHandleSetUILanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	tools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		tools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage("")
+	})
+
+	h := NewHandler("")
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	h.RegisterRoutes(mux)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/api/ui/language", strings.NewReader(`{"language":"zh"}`))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	mux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d, body=%s", rec.Code, http.StatusNoContent, rec.Body.String())
+	}
+	if got := tools.GetPreferredWebSearchLanguage(); got != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("preferred web search language = %q, want zh", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleSetUILanguage_RejectsInvalidJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	h := NewHandler("")
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	h.RegisterRoutes(mux)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/api/ui/language", strings.NewReader(`{`))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	mux.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}
+}

web/backend/main.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/netbind"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/web/backend/api"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/web/backend/dashboardauth"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/web/backend/launcherconfig"
@@ -404,6 +405,7 @@ func main() {
 	if *lang != "" {
 		SetLanguage(*lang)
 	}
+	tools.SetPreferredWebSearchLanguage(string(GetLanguage()))
 
 	// Resolve config path
 	configPath := utils.GetDefaultConfigPath()

web/frontend/src/i18n/index.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import i18n from "i18next"
 import LanguageDetector from "i18next-browser-languagedetector"
 import { initReactI18next } from "react-i18next"
 
+import { launcherFetch } from "@/api/http"
+
 import en from "./locales/en.json"
 import zh from "./locales/zh.json"
 
@@ -44,6 +46,14 @@ i18n.on("languageChanged", (lng) => {
   } else {
     dayjs.locale("en")
   }
+
+  void launcherFetch("/api/ui/language", {
+    method: "POST",
+    headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+    body: JSON.stringify({ language: lng }),
+  }).catch(() => {
+    // Keep UI language changes responsive even if backend sync fails.
+  })
 })
 
 export default i18n