Merge branch 'sipeed:main' into main

2026-02-20 20:44:28 +08:00 · 2026-02-20 20:44:28 +08:00 · b7f5343e23
commit b7f5343e23
parent e7643f653a 2fb2a733d4
126 changed files with 21113 additions and 3193 deletions
--- a/.env.example
+++ b/.env.example
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 # ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=sk-ant-xxx
 # OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-xxx
 # GEMINI_API_KEY=xxx
+# CEREBRAS_API_KEY=xxx

 # ── Chat Channel ──────────────────────────
 # TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN=123456:ABC...
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 ## 📝 Description
+
+<!-- Please briefly describe the changes and purpose of this PR -->
+
 ## 🗣️ Type of Change
 - [ ] 🐞 Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
 - [ ] ✨ New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
@ -11,25 +14,28 @@
 - [ ] 👨‍💻 Mostly Human-written (Human lead, AI assisted or none)


-## 🔗 Linked Issue
+## 🔗 Related Issue
+
+<!-- Please link the related issue(s) (e.g., Fixes #123, Closes #456) -->
+
 ## 📚 Technical Context (Skip for Docs)
-* **Reference:** [URL]
-* **Reasoning:** ...
+- **Reference URL:**
+- **Reasoning:**
+
+## 🧪 Test Environment
+- **Hardware:** <!-- e.g. Raspberry Pi 5, Orange Pi, PC-->
+- **OS:** <!-- e.g. Debian 12, Ubuntu 22.04 -->
+- **Model/Provider:** <!-- e.g. OpenAI GPT-4o, Kimi k2, DeepSeek-V3 -->
+- **Channels:** <!-- e.g. Discord, Telegram, Feishu, ... -->


-## 🧪 Test Environment & Hardware
- **Hardware:** [e.g. Raspberry Pi 5, Orange Pi, PC]
- **OS:** [e.g. Debian 12, Ubuntu 22.04]
- **Model/Provider:** [e.g. OpenAI GPT-4o, Kimi k2, DeepSeek-V3]
- **Channels:** [e.g. Discord, Telegram, Feishu, ...]
-
-
-## 📸 Proof of Work (Optional for Docs)
+## 📸 Evidence (Optional)
 <details>
 <summary>Click to view Logs/Screenshots</summary>

-</details>
+<!-- Please paste relevant screenshots or logs here -->

+</details>

 ## ☑️ Checklist
 - [ ] My code/docs follow the style of this project.
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6

      - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod

--- a/.github/workflows/docker-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-build.yml
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      # ── Checkout ──────────────────────────────
      - name: 📥 Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
        with:
          ref: ${{ inputs.tag }}

--- a/.github/workflows/pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr.yml
@ -1,17 +1,39 @@
-name: pr-check
+name: PR

 on:
-  pull_request:
+  pull_request: { }

 jobs:
-  fmt-check:
+  lint:
+    name: Linter
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6

      - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+
+      - name: Run go generate
+        run: go generate ./...
+
+      - name: Golangci Lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
+        with:
+          version: v2.10.1
+
+  # TODO: Remove once linter is properly configured
+  fmt-check:
+    name: Formatting
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Setup Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod

@ -20,15 +42,17 @@ jobs:
          make fmt
          git diff --exit-code || (echo "::error::Code is not formatted. Run 'make fmt' and commit the changes." && exit 1)

+  # TODO: Remove once linter is properly configured
  vet:
+    name: Vet
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: fmt-check
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6

      - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod

@ -39,14 +63,15 @@ jobs:
        run: go vet ./...

  test:
+    name: Tests
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: fmt-check
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6

      - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod

@ -55,4 +80,3 @@ jobs:

      - name: Run go test
        run: go test ./...
-
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
      contents: write
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

@ -49,13 +49,14 @@ jobs:
      packages: write
    steps:
      - name: Checkout tag
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
          ref: ${{ inputs.tag }}

      - name: Setup Go from go.mod
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        id: setup-go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod

@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ jobs:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
          DOCKERHUB_IMAGE_NAME: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_REPOSITORY }}
+          GOVERSION: ${{ steps.setup-go.outputs.go-version }}

      - name: Apply release flags
        shell: bash
--- a/.golangci.yaml
+++ b/.golangci.yaml
@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+version: "2"
+
+linters:
+  default: all
+  disable:
+    # TODO: Tweak for current project needs
+    - containedctx
+    - cyclop
+    - depguard
+    - dupl
+    - dupword
+    - err113
+    - exhaustruct
+    - funcorder
+    - gochecknoglobals
+    - godot
+    - intrange
+    - ireturn
+    - nlreturn
+    - noctx
+    - noinlineerr
+    - nonamedreturns
+    - tagliatelle
+    - testpackage
+    - varnamelen
+    - wrapcheck
+    - wsl
+    - wsl_v5
+
+    # TODO: Disabled, because they are failing at the moment, we should fix them and enable (step by step)
+    - bodyclose
+    - contextcheck
+    - dogsled
+    - embeddedstructfieldcheck
+    - errcheck
+    - errchkjson
+    - errorlint
+    - exhaustive
+    - forbidigo
+    - forcetypeassert
+    - funlen
+    - gochecknoinits
+    - gocognit
+    - goconst
+    - gocritic
+    - gocyclo
+    - godox
+    - goprintffuncname
+    - gosec
+    - govet
+    - ineffassign
+    - lll
+    - maintidx
+    - misspell
+    - mnd
+    - modernize
+    - nakedret
+    - nestif
+    - nilnil
+    - paralleltest
+    - perfsprint
+    - prealloc
+    - predeclared
+    - revive
+    - staticcheck
+    - tagalign
+    - testifylint
+    - thelper
+    - unparam
+    - unused
+    - usestdlibvars
+    - usetesting
+    - wastedassign
+    - whitespace
+  settings:
+    errcheck:
+      check-type-assertions: true
+      check-blank: true
+    exhaustive:
+      default-signifies-exhaustive: true
+    funlen:
+      lines: 120
+      statements: 40
+    gocognit:
+      min-complexity: 25
+    gocyclo:
+      min-complexity: 20
+    govet:
+      enable-all: true
+      disable:
+        - fieldalignment
+    lll:
+      line-length: 120
+      tab-width: 4
+    misspell:
+      locale: US
+    mnd:
+      checks:
+        - argument
+        - assign
+        - case
+        - condition
+        - operation
+        - return
+    nakedret:
+      max-func-lines: 3
+    revive:
+      enable-all-rules: true
+      rules:
+        - name: add-constant
+          disabled: true
+        - name: argument-limit
+          arguments:
+            - 7
+          severity: warning
+        - name: banned-characters
+          disabled: true
+        - name: cognitive-complexity
+          disabled: true
+        - name: comment-spacings
+          arguments:
+            - nolint
+          severity: warning
+        - name: cyclomatic
+          disabled: true
+        - name: file-header
+          disabled: true
+        - name: function-result-limit
+          arguments:
+            - 3
+          severity: warning
+        - name: function-length
+          disabled: true
+        - name: line-length-limit
+          disabled: true
+        - name: max-public-structs
+          disabled: true
+        - name: modifies-value-receiver
+          disabled: true
+        - name: package-comments
+          disabled: true
+        - name: unused-receiver
+          disabled: true
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    rules:
+      - linters:
+          - lll
+        source: '^//go:generate '
+      - linters:
+          - funlen
+          - maintidx
+          - gocognit
+          - gocyclo
+        path: _test\.go$
+
+issues:
+  max-issues-per-linter: 0
+  max-same-issues: 0
+
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - goimports
+  # TODO: Disabled, because they are failing at the moment, we should fix them and enable (step by step)
+  #    - gci
+  #    - gofmt
+  #    - gofumpt
+  #    - golines
+  settings:
+    gci:
+      sections:
+        - standard
+        - default
+        - localmodule
+      custom-order: true
+    gofmt:
+      simplify: true
+      rewrite-rules:
+        - pattern: "interface{}"
+          replacement: "any"
+        - pattern: "a[b:len(a)]"
+          replacement: "a[b:]"
+    golines:
+      max-len: 120
--- a/.goreleaser.yaml
+++ b/.goreleaser.yaml
@ -11,6 +11,14 @@ builds:
  - id: picoclaw
    env:
      - CGO_ENABLED=0
+    tags:
+      - stdjson
+    ldflags:
+      - -s -w
+      - -X main.version={{ .Version }}
+      - -X main.gitCommit={{ .ShortCommit }}
+      - -X main.buildTime={{ .Date }}
+      - -X main.goVersion={{ .Env.GOVERSION }}
    goos:
      - linux
      - windows
--- a/9
+++ b/9
@ -29,7 +29,14 @@ HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
 # Copy binary
 COPY --from=builder /src/build/picoclaw /usr/local/bin/picoclaw

-# Create picoclaw home directory
+# Create non-root user and group
+RUN addgroup -g 1000 picoclaw && \
+    adduser -D -u 1000 -G picoclaw picoclaw
+
+# Switch to non-root user
+USER picoclaw
+
+# Run onboard to create initial directories and config
 RUN /usr/local/bin/picoclaw onboard

 ENTRYPOINT ["picoclaw"]
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ VERSION?=$(shell git describe --tags --always --dirty 2>/dev/null || echo "dev")
 GIT_COMMIT=$(shell git rev-parse --short=8 HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo "dev")
 BUILD_TIME=$(shell date +%FT%T%z)
 GO_VERSION=$(shell $(GO) version | awk '{print $$3}')
-LDFLAGS=-ldflags "-X main.version=$(VERSION) -X main.gitCommit=$(GIT_COMMIT) -X main.buildTime=$(BUILD_TIME) -X main.goVersion=$(GO_VERSION)"
+LDFLAGS=-ldflags "-X main.version=$(VERSION) -X main.gitCommit=$(GIT_COMMIT) -X main.buildTime=$(BUILD_TIME) -X main.goVersion=$(GO_VERSION) -s -w"

 # Go variables
 GO?=go
-GOFLAGS?=-v
+GOFLAGS?=-v -tags stdjson

 # Installation
 INSTALL_PREFIX?=$(HOME)/.local
--- a/README.fr.md
+++ b/README.fr.md
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@

 <h1>PicoClaw: Go で書かれた超効率 AI アシスタント</h1>

-<h3>$10 ハードウェア · 10MB RAM · 1秒起動 · 皮皮虾，我们走！</h3>
+<h3>$10 ハードウェア · 10MB RAM · 1秒起動 · 行くぜ、シャコ！</h3>
 <h3></h3>

 <p>
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-green" alt="License">
 </p>

-**日本語** | [English](README.md)
+[中文](README.zh.md) | **日本語** | [Português](README.pt-br.md) | [Tiếng Việt](README.vi.md) | [Français](README.fr.md) | [English](README.md)

 </div>

@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 </table>

 ## 📢 ニュース
-2026-02-09 🎉 PicoClaw リリース！$10 ハードウェアで 10MB 未満の RAM で動く AI エージェントを 1 日で構築。🦐 皮皮虾，我们走！
+2026-02-09 🎉 PicoClaw リリース！$10 ハードウェアで 10MB 未満の RAM で動く AI エージェントを 1 日で構築。🦐 行くぜ、シャコ！

 ## ✨ 特徴

@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ picoclaw onboard

 **3. API キーの取得**

- **LLM プロバイダー**: [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/keys) · [Zhipu](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) · [Anthropic](https://console.anthropic.com) · [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com) · [Gemini](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys)
+- **LLM プロバイダー**: [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/keys) · [Zhipu](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) · [Anthropic](https://console.anthropic.com) · [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com) · [Gemini](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys) · [Qwen](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com)
 - **Web 検索**（任意）: [Brave Search](https://brave.com/search/api) - 無料枠あり（月 2000 リクエスト）

 > **注意**: 完全な設定テンプレートは `config.example.json` を参照してください。
@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ Telegram、Discord、QQ、DingTalk、LINE で PicoClaw と会話できます
    "telegram": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
    }
  }
 }
@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ picoclaw gateway
    "discord": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
    }
  }
 }
@ -621,6 +621,22 @@ HEARTBEAT_OK 応答         ユーザーが直接結果を受け取る
 - `PICOCLAW_HEARTBEAT_ENABLED=false` で無効化
 - `PICOCLAW_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL=60` で間隔変更

+### プロバイダー
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Groq は Whisper による無料の音声文字起こしを提供しています。設定すると、Telegram の音声メッセージが自動的に文字起こしされます。
+
+| プロバイダー | 用途 | API キー取得先 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `gemini` | LLM（Gemini 直接） | [aistudio.google.com](https://aistudio.google.com) |
+| `zhipu` | LLM（Zhipu 直接） | [bigmodel.cn](https://bigmodel.cn) |
+| `openrouter`（要テスト） | LLM（推奨、全モデルにアクセス可能） | [openrouter.ai](https://openrouter.ai) |
+| `anthropic`（要テスト） | LLM（Claude 直接） | [console.anthropic.com](https://console.anthropic.com) |
+| `openai`（要テスト） | LLM（GPT 直接） | [platform.openai.com](https://platform.openai.com) |
+| `deepseek`（要テスト） | LLM（DeepSeek 直接） | [platform.deepseek.com](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| `groq` | LLM + **音声文字起こし**（Whisper） | [console.groq.com](https://console.groq.com) |
+| `cerebras` | LLM（Cerebras 直接） | [cerebras.ai](https://cerebras.ai) |
+
 ### 基本設定

 1.  **設定ファイルの作成:**
@ -676,7 +692,7 @@ HEARTBEAT_OK 応答         ユーザーが直接結果を受け取る
    "telegram": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "123456:ABC...",
-      "allowFrom": ["123456789"]
+      "allow_from": ["123456789"]
    },
    "discord": {
      "enabled": true,
@ -692,7 +708,7 @@ HEARTBEAT_OK 応答         ユーザーが直接結果を受け取る
      "appSecret": "xxx",
      "encryptKey": "",
      "verificationToken": "",
-      "allowFrom": []
+      "allow_from": []
    }
  },
  "tools": {
@ -714,6 +730,163 @@ HEARTBEAT_OK 応答         ユーザーが直接結果を受け取る

 </details>

+### モデル設定 (model_list)
+
+> **新機能！** PicoClaw は現在 **モデル中心** の設定アプローチを採用しています。`ベンダー/モデル` 形式（例: `zhipu/glm-4.7`）を指定するだけで、新しいプロバイダーを追加できます—**コードの変更は一切不要！**
+
+この設計は、柔軟なプロバイダー選択による **マルチエージェントサポート** も可能にします：
+
+- **異なるエージェント、異なるプロバイダー** : 各エージェントは独自の LLM プロバイダーを使用可能
+- **フォールバックモデル** : 耐障性のため、プライマリモデルとフォールバックモデルを設定可能
+- **ロードバランシング** : 複数のエンドポイントにリクエストを分散
+- **集中設定管理** : すべてのプロバイダーを一箇所で管理
+
+#### 📋 サポートされているすべてのベンダー
+
+| ベンダー | `model` プレフィックス | デフォルト API Base | プロトコル | API キー |
+|-------------|-----------------|---------------------|----------|---------|
+| **OpenAI** | `openai/` | `https://api.openai.com/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://platform.openai.com) |
+| **Anthropic** | `anthropic/` | `https://api.anthropic.com/v1` | Anthropic | [キーを取得](https://console.anthropic.com) |
+| **Zhipu AI (GLM)** | `zhipu/` | `https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) |
+| **DeepSeek** | `deepseek/` | `https://api.deepseek.com/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| **Google Gemini** | `gemini/` | `https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys) |
+| **Groq** | `groq/` | `https://api.groq.com/openai/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://console.groq.com) |
+| **Moonshot** | `moonshot/` | `https://api.moonshot.cn/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://platform.moonshot.cn) |
+| **Qwen (Alibaba)** | `qwen/` | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com) |
+| **NVIDIA** | `nvidia/` | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://build.nvidia.com) |
+| **Ollama** | `ollama/` | `http://localhost:11434/v1` | OpenAI | ローカル（キー不要） |
+| **OpenRouter** | `openrouter/` | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://openrouter.ai/keys) |
+| **VLLM** | `vllm/` | `http://localhost:8000/v1` | OpenAI | ローカル |
+| **Cerebras** | `cerebras/` | `https://api.cerebras.ai/v1` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://cerebras.ai) |
+| **Volcengine** | `volcengine/` | `https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3` | OpenAI | [キーを取得](https://console.volcengine.com) |
+| **ShengsuanYun** | `shengsuanyun/` | `https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1` | OpenAI | - |
+| **Antigravity** | `antigravity/` | Google Cloud | カスタム | OAuthのみ |
+| **GitHub Copilot** | `github-copilot/` | `localhost:4321` | gRPC | - |
+
+#### 基本設定
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-zhipu-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "gpt-5.2"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### ベンダー別の例
+
+**OpenAI**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+  "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+**Zhipu AI (GLM)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+  "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+  "api_key": "your-key"
+}
+```
+
+**Anthropic (OAuth使用)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "auth_method": "oauth"
+}
+```
+> OAuth認証を設定するには、`picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic` を実行してください。
+
+#### ロードバランシング
+
+同じモデル名で複数のエンドポイントを設定すると、PicoClaw が自動的にラウンドロビンで分散します：
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api1.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api2.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key2"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+#### 従来の `providers` 設定からの移行
+
+古い `providers` 設定は**非推奨**ですが、後方互換性のためにサポートされています。
+
+**旧設定（非推奨）:**
+```json
+{
+  "providers": {
+    "zhipu": {
+      "api_key": "your-key",
+      "api_base": "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+    }
+  },
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "zhipu",
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**新設定（推奨）:**
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+詳細な移行ガイドは、[docs/migration/model-list-migration.md](docs/migration/model-list-migration.md) を参照してください。
+
 ## CLI リファレンス

 | コマンド | 説明 |
@ -735,7 +908,7 @@ Discord: https://discord.gg/V4sAZ9XWpN

 ## 🐛 トラブルシューティング

-### Web 検索で「API 配置问题」と表示される
+### Web 検索で「API 設定の問題」と表示される

 検索 API キーをまだ設定していない場合、これは正常です。PicoClaw は手動検索用の便利なリンクを提供します。

@ -771,5 +944,7 @@ Web 検索を有効にするには：
 |---------|--------|------------|
 | **OpenRouter** | 月 200K トークン | 複数モデル（Claude, GPT-4 など） |
 | **Zhipu** | 月 200K トークン | 中国ユーザー向け最適 |
+| **Qwen** | 無料枠あり | 通義千問 (Qwen) |
 | **Brave Search** | 月 2000 クエリ | Web 検索機能 |
 | **Groq** | 無料枠あり | 高速推論（Llama, Mixtral） |
+| **Cerebras** | 無料枠あり | 高速推論（Llama, Qwen など） |
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
    <a href="https://x.com/SipeedIO"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/X_(Twitter)-SipeedIO-black?style=flat&logo=x&logoColor=white" alt="Twitter"></a>
  </p>

- [中文](README.zh.md) | [日本語](README.ja.md) | **English**
+ [中文](README.zh.md) | [日本語](README.ja.md) | [Português](README.pt-br.md) | [Tiếng Việt](README.vi.md) | [Français](README.fr.md) | **English**
 </div>

 ---
@ -209,18 +209,24 @@ picoclaw onboard
  "agents": {
    "defaults": {
      "workspace": "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
-      "model": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "gpt4",
      "max_tokens": 8192,
      "temperature": 0.7,
      "max_tool_iterations": 20
    }
  },
-  "providers": {
-    "openrouter": {
-      "api_key": "xxx",
-      "api_base": "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "your-api-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "your-anthropic-key"
    }
-  },
+  ],
  "tools": {
    "web": {
      "brave": {
@ -237,6 +243,8 @@ picoclaw onboard
 }
 ```

+> **New**: The `model_list` configuration format allows zero-code provider addition. See [Model Configuration](#-model-configuration) for details.
+
 **3. Get API Keys**

 * **LLM Provider**: [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/keys) · [Zhipu](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) · [Anthropic](https://console.anthropic.com) · [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com) · [Gemini](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys)
@ -283,7 +291,7 @@ Talk to your picoclaw through Telegram, Discord, DingTalk, or LINE
    "telegram": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
    }
  }
 }
@ -326,7 +334,8 @@ picoclaw gateway
    "discord": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"],
+      "mention_only": false
    }
  }
 }
@ -339,6 +348,10 @@ picoclaw gateway
 * Bot Permissions: `Send Messages`, `Read Message History`
 * Open the generated invite URL and add the bot to your server

+**Optional: Mention-only mode**
+
+Set `"mention_only": true` to make the bot respond only when @-mentioned. Useful for shared servers where you want the bot to respond only when explicitly called.
+
 **6. Run**

 ```bash
@ -677,7 +690,203 @@ The subagent has access to tools (message, web_search, etc.) and can communicate
 | `anthropic(To be tested)`  | LLM (Claude direct)                     | [console.anthropic.com](https://console.anthropic.com) |
 | `openai(To be tested)`     | LLM (GPT direct)                        | [platform.openai.com](https://platform.openai.com)     |
 | `deepseek(To be tested)`   | LLM (DeepSeek direct)                   | [platform.deepseek.com](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| `qwen`                     | LLM (Qwen direct)                       | [dashscope.console.aliyun.com](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com) |
 | `groq`                     | LLM + **Voice transcription** (Whisper) | [console.groq.com](https://console.groq.com)           |
+| `cerebras`                 | LLM (Cerebras direct)                   | [cerebras.ai](https://cerebras.ai)                     |
+
+### Model Configuration (model_list)
+
+> **What's New?** PicoClaw now uses a **model-centric** configuration approach. Simply specify `vendor/model` format (e.g., `zhipu/glm-4.7`) to add new providers—**zero code changes required!**
+
+This design also enables **multi-agent support** with flexible provider selection:
+
+- **Different agents, different providers**: Each agent can use its own LLM provider
+- **Model fallbacks**: Configure primary and fallback models for resilience
+- **Load balancing**: Distribute requests across multiple endpoints
+- **Centralized configuration**: Manage all providers in one place
+
+#### 📋 All Supported Vendors
+
+| Vendor | `model` Prefix | Default API Base | Protocol | API Key |
+|--------|----------------|------------------|----------|---------|
+| **OpenAI** | `openai/` | `https://api.openai.com/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://platform.openai.com) |
+| **Anthropic** | `anthropic/` | `https://api.anthropic.com/v1` | Anthropic | [Get Key](https://console.anthropic.com) |
+| **智谱 AI (GLM)** | `zhipu/` | `https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) |
+| **DeepSeek** | `deepseek/` | `https://api.deepseek.com/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| **Google Gemini** | `gemini/` | `https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys) |
+| **Groq** | `groq/` | `https://api.groq.com/openai/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://console.groq.com) |
+| **Moonshot** | `moonshot/` | `https://api.moonshot.cn/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://platform.moonshot.cn) |
+| **通义千问 (Qwen)** | `qwen/` | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com) |
+| **NVIDIA** | `nvidia/` | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://build.nvidia.com) |
+| **Ollama** | `ollama/` | `http://localhost:11434/v1` | OpenAI | Local (no key needed) |
+| **OpenRouter** | `openrouter/` | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://openrouter.ai/keys) |
+| **VLLM** | `vllm/` | `http://localhost:8000/v1` | OpenAI | Local |
+| **Cerebras** | `cerebras/` | `https://api.cerebras.ai/v1` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://cerebras.ai) |
+| **火山引擎** | `volcengine/` | `https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3` | OpenAI | [Get Key](https://console.volcengine.com) |
+| **神算云** | `shengsuanyun/` | `https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1` | OpenAI | - |
+| **Antigravity** | `antigravity/` | Google Cloud | Custom | OAuth only |
+| **GitHub Copilot** | `github-copilot/` | `localhost:4321` | gRPC | - |
+
+#### Basic Configuration
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-zhipu-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "gpt-5.2"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Vendor-Specific Examples
+
+**OpenAI**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+  "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+**智谱 AI (GLM)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+  "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+  "api_key": "your-key"
+}
+```
+
+**DeepSeek**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "deepseek-chat",
+  "model": "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+**Anthropic (with OAuth)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "auth_method": "oauth"
+}
+```
+> Run `picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic` to set up OAuth credentials.
+
+**Ollama (local)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "llama3",
+  "model": "ollama/llama3"
+}
+```
+
+**Custom Proxy/API**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "my-custom-model",
+  "model": "openai/custom-model",
+  "api_base": "https://my-proxy.com/v1",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+#### Load Balancing
+
+Configure multiple endpoints for the same model name—PicoClaw will automatically round-robin between them:
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api1.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api2.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key2"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+#### Migration from Legacy `providers` Config
+
+The old `providers` configuration is **deprecated** but still supported for backward compatibility.
+
+**Old Config (deprecated):**
+```json
+{
+  "providers": {
+    "zhipu": {
+      "api_key": "your-key",
+      "api_base": "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+    }
+  },
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "zhipu",
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**New Config (recommended):**
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+For detailed migration guide, see [docs/migration/model-list-migration.md](docs/migration/model-list-migration.md).
+
+### Provider Architecture
+
+PicoClaw routes providers by protocol family:
+
+- OpenAI-compatible protocol: OpenRouter, OpenAI-compatible gateways, Groq, Zhipu, and vLLM-style endpoints.
+- Anthropic protocol: Claude-native API behavior.
+- Codex/OAuth path: OpenAI OAuth/token authentication route.
+
+This keeps the runtime lightweight while making new OpenAI-compatible backends mostly a config operation (`api_base` + `api_key`).

 <details>
 <summary><b>Zhipu</b></summary>
@ -873,3 +1082,4 @@ This happens when another instance of the bot is running. Make sure only one `pi
 | **Zhipu**        | 200K tokens/month   | Best for Chinese users                |
 | **Brave Search** | 2000 queries/month  | Web search functionality              |
 | **Groq**         | Free tier available | Fast inference (Llama, Mixtral)       |
+| **Cerebras**     | Free tier available | Fast inference (Llama, Qwen, etc.)    |
--- a/README.pt-br.md
+++ b/README.pt-br.md
--- a/README.vi.md
+++ b/README.vi.md
--- a/README.zh.md
+++ b/README.zh.md
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
    <a href="https://x.com/SipeedIO"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/X_(Twitter)-SipeedIO-black?style=flat&logo=x&logoColor=white" alt="Twitter"></a>
  </p>

- **中文** | [日本語](README.ja.md) | [English](README.md)
+ **中文** | [日本語](README.ja.md) | [Português](README.pt-br.md) | [Tiếng Việt](README.vi.md) | [Français](README.fr.md) | [English](README.md)
 </div>

 ---
@ -218,18 +218,24 @@ picoclaw onboard
  "agents": {
    "defaults": {
      "workspace": "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
-      "model": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "gpt4",
      "max_tokens": 8192,
      "temperature": 0.7,
      "max_tool_iterations": 20
    }
  },
-  "providers": {
-    "openrouter": {
-      "api_key": "xxx",
-      "api_base": "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "your-api-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "your-anthropic-key"
    }
-  },
+  ],
  "tools": {
    "web": {
      "search": {
@ -245,6 +251,8 @@ picoclaw onboard

 ```

+> **新功能**: `model_list` 配置格式支持零代码添加 provider。详见[模型配置](#-模型配置-model_list)章节。
+
 **3. 获取 API Key**

 * **LLM 提供商**: [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/keys) · [Zhipu](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) · [Anthropic](https://console.anthropic.com) · [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com) · [Gemini](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys)
@ -291,7 +299,7 @@ picoclaw agent -m "2+2 等于几？"
    "telegram": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
    }
  }
 }
@ -336,7 +344,7 @@ picoclaw gateway
    "discord": {
      "enabled": true,
      "token": "YOUR_BOT_TOKEN",
-      "allowFrom": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
+      "allow_from": ["YOUR_USER_ID"]
    }
  }
 }
@ -554,7 +562,193 @@ Agent 读取 HEARTBEAT.md
 | `anthropic(待测试)` | LLM (Claude 直连) | [console.anthropic.com](https://console.anthropic.com) |
 | `openai(待测试)` | LLM (GPT 直连) | [platform.openai.com](https://platform.openai.com) |
 | `deepseek(待测试)` | LLM (DeepSeek 直连) | [platform.deepseek.com](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| `qwen` | LLM (通义千问) | [dashscope.console.aliyun.com](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com) |
 | `groq` | LLM + **语音转录** (Whisper) | [console.groq.com](https://console.groq.com) |
+| `cerebras` | LLM (Cerebras 直连) | [cerebras.ai](https://cerebras.ai) |
+
+### 模型配置 (model_list)
+
+> **新功能！** PicoClaw 现在采用**以模型为中心**的配置方式。只需使用 `厂商/模型` 格式（如 `zhipu/glm-4.7`）即可添加新的 provider——**无需修改任何代码！**
+
+该设计同时支持**多 Agent 场景**，提供灵活的 Provider 选择：
+
+- **不同 Agent 使用不同 Provider**：每个 Agent 可以使用自己的 LLM provider
+- **模型回退（Fallback）**：配置主模型和备用模型，提高可靠性
+- **负载均衡**：在多个 API 端点之间分配请求
+- **集中化配置**：在一个地方管理所有 provider
+
+#### 📋 所有支持的厂商
+
+| 厂商 | `model` 前缀 | 默认 API Base | 协议 | 获取 API Key |
+|------|-------------|---------------|------|--------------|
+| **OpenAI** | `openai/` | `https://api.openai.com/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://platform.openai.com) |
+| **Anthropic** | `anthropic/` | `https://api.anthropic.com/v1` | Anthropic | [获取密钥](https://console.anthropic.com) |
+| **智谱 AI (GLM)** | `zhipu/` | `https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/proj-mgmt/apikeys) |
+| **DeepSeek** | `deepseek/` | `https://api.deepseek.com/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://platform.deepseek.com) |
+| **Google Gemini** | `gemini/` | `https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://aistudio.google.com/api-keys) |
+| **Groq** | `groq/` | `https://api.groq.com/openai/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://console.groq.com) |
+| **Moonshot** | `moonshot/` | `https://api.moonshot.cn/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://platform.moonshot.cn) |
+| **通义千问 (Qwen)** | `qwen/` | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com) |
+| **NVIDIA** | `nvidia/` | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://build.nvidia.com) |
+| **Ollama** | `ollama/` | `http://localhost:11434/v1` | OpenAI | 本地（无需密钥） |
+| **OpenRouter** | `openrouter/` | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://openrouter.ai/keys) |
+| **VLLM** | `vllm/` | `http://localhost:8000/v1` | OpenAI | 本地 |
+| **Cerebras** | `cerebras/` | `https://api.cerebras.ai/v1` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://cerebras.ai) |
+| **火山引擎** | `volcengine/` | `https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3` | OpenAI | [获取密钥](https://console.volcengine.com) |
+| **神算云** | `shengsuanyun/` | `https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1` | OpenAI | - |
+| **Antigravity** | `antigravity/` | Google Cloud | 自定义 | 仅 OAuth |
+| **GitHub Copilot** | `github-copilot/` | `localhost:4321` | gRPC | - |
+
+#### 基础配置示例
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-zhipu-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "gpt-5.2"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### 各厂商配置示例
+
+**OpenAI**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+  "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+**智谱 AI (GLM)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+  "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+  "api_key": "your-key"
+}
+```
+
+**DeepSeek**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "deepseek-chat",
+  "model": "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+**Anthropic (使用 OAuth)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+  "auth_method": "oauth"
+}
+```
+> 运行 `picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic` 来设置 OAuth 凭证。
+
+**Ollama (本地)**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "llama3",
+  "model": "ollama/llama3"
+}
+```
+
+**自定义代理/API**
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "my-custom-model",
+  "model": "openai/custom-model",
+  "api_base": "https://my-proxy.com/v1",
+  "api_key": "sk-..."
+}
+```
+
+#### 负载均衡
+
+为同一个模型名称配置多个端点——PicoClaw 会自动在它们之间轮询：
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api1.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_base": "https://api2.example.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-key2"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+#### 从旧的 `providers` 配置迁移
+
+旧的 `providers` 配置格式**已弃用**，但为向后兼容仍支持。
+
+**旧配置（已弃用）：**
+```json
+{
+  "providers": {
+    "zhipu": {
+      "api_key": "your-key",
+      "api_base": "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+    }
+  },
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "zhipu",
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**新配置（推荐）：**
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+      "api_key": "your-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "glm-4.7"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+详细的迁移指南请参考 [docs/migration/model-list-migration.md](docs/migration/model-list-migration.md)。

 <details>
 <summary><b>智谱 (Zhipu) 配置示例</b></summary>
@ -742,3 +936,4 @@ Discord:  [https://discord.gg/V4sAZ9XWpN](https://discord.gg/V4sAZ9XWpN)
 | **智谱 (Zhipu)** | 200K tokens/月 | 最适合中国用户 |
 | **Brave Search** | 2000 次查询/月 | 网络搜索功能 |
 | **Groq** | 提供免费层级 | 极速推理 (Llama, Mixtral) |
+| **Cerebras** | 提供免费层级 | 极速推理 (Llama, Qwen 等) |
--- a/assets/wechat.png
+++ b/assets/wechat.png
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_agent.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_agent.go
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/chzyer/readline"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/agent"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/bus"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+)
+
+func agentCmd() {
+	message := ""
+	sessionKey := "cli:default"
+	modelOverride := ""
+
+	args := os.Args[2:]
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "--debug", "-d":
+			logger.SetLevel(logger.DEBUG)
+			fmt.Println("🔍 Debug mode enabled")
+		case "-m", "--message":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				message = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "-s", "--session":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				sessionKey = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "--model", "-model":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				modelOverride = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading config: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if modelOverride != "" {
+		cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = modelOverride
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := providers.CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error creating provider: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	// Use the resolved model ID from provider creation
+	if modelID != "" {
+		cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = modelID
+	}
+
+	msgBus := bus.NewMessageBus()
+	agentLoop := agent.NewAgentLoop(cfg, msgBus, provider)
+
+	// Print agent startup info (only for interactive mode)
+	startupInfo := agentLoop.GetStartupInfo()
+	logger.InfoCF("agent", "Agent initialized",
+		map[string]interface{}{
+			"tools_count":      startupInfo["tools"].(map[string]interface{})["count"],
+			"skills_total":     startupInfo["skills"].(map[string]interface{})["total"],
+			"skills_available": startupInfo["skills"].(map[string]interface{})["available"],
+		})
+
+	if message != "" {
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		response, err := agentLoop.ProcessDirect(ctx, message, sessionKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Error: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s %s\n", logo, response)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("%s Interactive mode (Ctrl+C to exit)\n\n", logo)
+		interactiveMode(agentLoop, sessionKey)
+	}
+}
+
+func interactiveMode(agentLoop *agent.AgentLoop, sessionKey string) {
+	prompt := fmt.Sprintf("%s You: ", logo)
+
+	rl, err := readline.NewEx(&readline.Config{
+		Prompt:          prompt,
+		HistoryFile:     filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), ".picoclaw_history"),
+		HistoryLimit:    100,
+		InterruptPrompt: "^C",
+		EOFPrompt:       "exit",
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error initializing readline: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Println("Falling back to simple input mode...")
+		simpleInteractiveMode(agentLoop, sessionKey)
+		return
+	}
+	defer rl.Close()
+
+	for {
+		line, err := rl.Readline()
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == readline.ErrInterrupt || err == io.EOF {
+				fmt.Println("\nGoodbye!")
+				return
+			}
+			fmt.Printf("Error reading input: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		input := strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if input == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if input == "exit" || input == "quit" {
+			fmt.Println("Goodbye!")
+			return
+		}
+
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		response, err := agentLoop.ProcessDirect(ctx, input, sessionKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s %s\n\n", logo, response)
+	}
+}
+
+func simpleInteractiveMode(agentLoop *agent.AgentLoop, sessionKey string) {
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
+	for {
+		fmt.Print(fmt.Sprintf("%s You: ", logo))
+		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				fmt.Println("\nGoodbye!")
+				return
+			}
+			fmt.Printf("Error reading input: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		input := strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if input == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if input == "exit" || input == "quit" {
+			fmt.Println("Goodbye!")
+			return
+		}
+
+		ctx := context.Background()
+		response, err := agentLoop.ProcessDirect(ctx, input, sessionKey)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Error: %v\n", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("\n%s %s\n\n", logo, response)
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_auth.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_auth.go
@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+)
+
+const supportedProvidersMsg = "Supported providers: openai, anthropic, google-antigravity"
+
+func authCmd() {
+	if len(os.Args) < 3 {
+		authHelp()
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch os.Args[2] {
+	case "login":
+		authLoginCmd()
+	case "logout":
+		authLogoutCmd()
+	case "status":
+		authStatusCmd()
+	case "models":
+		authModelsCmd()
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("Unknown auth command: %s\n", os.Args[2])
+		authHelp()
+	}
+}
+
+func authHelp() {
+	fmt.Println("\nAuth commands:")
+	fmt.Println("  login       Login via OAuth or paste token")
+	fmt.Println("  logout      Remove stored credentials")
+	fmt.Println("  status      Show current auth status")
+	fmt.Println("  models      List available Antigravity models")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Login options:")
+	fmt.Println("  --provider <name>    Provider to login with (openai, anthropic, google-antigravity)")
+	fmt.Println("  --device-code        Use device code flow (for headless environments)")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Examples:")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth login --provider openai")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth login --provider openai --device-code")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth login --provider google-antigravity")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth models")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth logout --provider openai")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw auth status")
+}
+
+func authLoginCmd() {
+	provider := ""
+	useDeviceCode := false
+
+	args := os.Args[3:]
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "--provider", "-p":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				provider = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "--device-code":
+			useDeviceCode = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if provider == "" {
+		fmt.Println("Error: --provider is required")
+		fmt.Println(supportedProvidersMsg)
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch provider {
+	case "openai":
+		authLoginOpenAI(useDeviceCode)
+	case "anthropic":
+		authLoginPasteToken(provider)
+	case "google-antigravity", "antigravity":
+		authLoginGoogleAntigravity()
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("Unsupported provider: %s\n", provider)
+		fmt.Println(supportedProvidersMsg)
+	}
+}
+
+func authLoginOpenAI(useDeviceCode bool) {
+	cfg := auth.OpenAIOAuthConfig()
+
+	var cred *auth.AuthCredential
+	var err error
+
+	if useDeviceCode {
+		cred, err = auth.LoginDeviceCode(cfg)
+	} else {
+		cred, err = auth.LoginBrowser(cfg)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Login failed: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if err := auth.SetCredential("openai", cred); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Failed to save credentials: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	appCfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err == nil {
+		// Update Providers (legacy format)
+		appCfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = "oauth"
+
+		// Update or add openai in ModelList
+		foundOpenAI := false
+		for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+			if isOpenAIModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+				appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = "oauth"
+				foundOpenAI = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If no openai in ModelList, add it
+		if !foundOpenAI {
+			appCfg.ModelList = append(appCfg.ModelList, config.ModelConfig{
+				ModelName:  "gpt-5.2",
+				Model:      "openai/gpt-5.2",
+				AuthMethod: "oauth",
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Update default model to use OpenAI
+		appCfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "gpt-5.2"
+
+		if err := config.SaveConfig(getConfigPath(), appCfg); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: could not update config: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Login successful!")
+	if cred.AccountID != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("Account: %s\n", cred.AccountID)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Default model set to: gpt-5.2")
+}
+
+func authLoginGoogleAntigravity() {
+	cfg := auth.GoogleAntigravityOAuthConfig()
+
+	cred, err := auth.LoginBrowser(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Login failed: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	cred.Provider = "google-antigravity"
+
+	// Fetch user email from Google userinfo
+	email, err := fetchGoogleUserEmail(cred.AccessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: could not fetch email: %v\n", err)
+	} else {
+		cred.Email = email
+		fmt.Printf("Email: %s\n", email)
+	}
+
+	// Fetch Cloud Code Assist project ID
+	projectID, err := providers.FetchAntigravityProjectID(cred.AccessToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Warning: could not fetch project ID: %v\n", err)
+		fmt.Println("You may need Google Cloud Code Assist enabled on your account.")
+	} else {
+		cred.ProjectID = projectID
+		fmt.Printf("Project: %s\n", projectID)
+	}
+
+	if err := auth.SetCredential("google-antigravity", cred); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Failed to save credentials: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	appCfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err == nil {
+		// Update Providers (legacy format, for backward compatibility)
+		appCfg.Providers.Antigravity.AuthMethod = "oauth"
+
+		// Update or add antigravity in ModelList
+		foundAntigravity := false
+		for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+			if isAntigravityModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+				appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = "oauth"
+				foundAntigravity = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If no antigravity in ModelList, add it
+		if !foundAntigravity {
+			appCfg.ModelList = append(appCfg.ModelList, config.ModelConfig{
+				ModelName:  "gemini-flash",
+				Model:      "antigravity/gemini-3-flash",
+				AuthMethod: "oauth",
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Update default model
+		appCfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "gemini-flash"
+
+		if err := config.SaveConfig(getConfigPath(), appCfg); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: could not update config: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\n✓ Google Antigravity login successful!")
+	fmt.Println("Default model set to: gemini-flash")
+	fmt.Println("Try it: picoclaw agent -m \"Hello world\"")
+}
+
+func fetchGoogleUserEmail(accessToken string) (string, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v2/userinfo", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 10 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("userinfo request failed: %s", string(body))
+	}
+
+	var userInfo struct {
+		Email string `json:"email"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &userInfo); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return userInfo.Email, nil
+}
+
+func authLoginPasteToken(provider string) {
+	cred, err := auth.LoginPasteToken(provider, os.Stdin)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Login failed: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if err := auth.SetCredential(provider, cred); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Failed to save credentials: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	appCfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err == nil {
+		switch provider {
+		case "anthropic":
+			appCfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod = "token"
+			// Update ModelList
+			found := false
+			for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+				if isAnthropicModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+					appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = "token"
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				appCfg.ModelList = append(appCfg.ModelList, config.ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:  "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+					Model:      "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+					AuthMethod: "token",
+				})
+			}
+			// Update default model
+			appCfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claude-sonnet-4.6"
+		case "openai":
+			appCfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = "token"
+			// Update ModelList
+			found := false
+			for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+				if isOpenAIModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+					appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = "token"
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				appCfg.ModelList = append(appCfg.ModelList, config.ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:  "gpt-5.2",
+					Model:      "openai/gpt-5.2",
+					AuthMethod: "token",
+				})
+			}
+			// Update default model
+			appCfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "gpt-5.2"
+		}
+		if err := config.SaveConfig(getConfigPath(), appCfg); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Warning: could not update config: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Token saved for %s!\n", provider)
+	fmt.Printf("Default model set to: %s\n", appCfg.Agents.Defaults.Model)
+}
+
+func authLogoutCmd() {
+	provider := ""
+
+	args := os.Args[3:]
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "--provider", "-p":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				provider = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if provider != "" {
+		if err := auth.DeleteCredential(provider); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Failed to remove credentials: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		appCfg, err := loadConfig()
+		if err == nil {
+			// Clear AuthMethod in ModelList
+			for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+				switch provider {
+				case "openai":
+					if isOpenAIModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+						appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = ""
+					}
+				case "anthropic":
+					if isAnthropicModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+						appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = ""
+					}
+				case "google-antigravity", "antigravity":
+					if isAntigravityModel(appCfg.ModelList[i].Model) {
+						appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = ""
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Clear AuthMethod in Providers (legacy)
+			switch provider {
+			case "openai":
+				appCfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = ""
+			case "anthropic":
+				appCfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod = ""
+			case "google-antigravity", "antigravity":
+				appCfg.Providers.Antigravity.AuthMethod = ""
+			}
+			config.SaveConfig(getConfigPath(), appCfg)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("Logged out from %s\n", provider)
+	} else {
+		if err := auth.DeleteAllCredentials(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("Failed to remove credentials: %v\n", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		appCfg, err := loadConfig()
+		if err == nil {
+			// Clear all AuthMethods in ModelList
+			for i := range appCfg.ModelList {
+				appCfg.ModelList[i].AuthMethod = ""
+			}
+			// Clear all AuthMethods in Providers (legacy)
+			appCfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = ""
+			appCfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod = ""
+			appCfg.Providers.Antigravity.AuthMethod = ""
+			config.SaveConfig(getConfigPath(), appCfg)
+		}
+
+		fmt.Println("Logged out from all providers")
+	}
+}
+
+func authStatusCmd() {
+	store, err := auth.LoadStore()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading auth store: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(store.Credentials) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No authenticated providers.")
+		fmt.Println("Run: picoclaw auth login --provider <name>")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\nAuthenticated Providers:")
+	fmt.Println("------------------------")
+	for provider, cred := range store.Credentials {
+		status := "active"
+		if cred.IsExpired() {
+			status = "expired"
+		} else if cred.NeedsRefresh() {
+			status = "needs refresh"
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("  %s:\n", provider)
+		fmt.Printf("    Method: %s\n", cred.AuthMethod)
+		fmt.Printf("    Status: %s\n", status)
+		if cred.AccountID != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("    Account: %s\n", cred.AccountID)
+		}
+		if cred.Email != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("    Email: %s\n", cred.Email)
+		}
+		if cred.ProjectID != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("    Project: %s\n", cred.ProjectID)
+		}
+		if !cred.ExpiresAt.IsZero() {
+			fmt.Printf("    Expires: %s\n", cred.ExpiresAt.Format("2006-01-02 15:04"))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func authModelsCmd() {
+	cred, err := auth.GetCredential("google-antigravity")
+	if err != nil || cred == nil {
+		fmt.Println("Not logged in to Google Antigravity.")
+		fmt.Println("Run: picoclaw auth login --provider google-antigravity")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Refresh token if needed
+	if cred.NeedsRefresh() && cred.RefreshToken != "" {
+		oauthCfg := auth.GoogleAntigravityOAuthConfig()
+		refreshed, refreshErr := auth.RefreshAccessToken(cred, oauthCfg)
+		if refreshErr == nil {
+			cred = refreshed
+			_ = auth.SetCredential("google-antigravity", cred)
+		}
+	}
+
+	projectID := cred.ProjectID
+	if projectID == "" {
+		fmt.Println("No project ID stored. Try logging in again.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Fetching models for project: %s\n\n", projectID)
+
+	models, err := providers.FetchAntigravityModels(cred.AccessToken, projectID)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error fetching models: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(models) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No models available.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("Available Antigravity Models:")
+	fmt.Println("-----------------------------")
+	for _, m := range models {
+		status := "✓"
+		if m.IsExhausted {
+			status = "✗ (quota exhausted)"
+		}
+		name := m.ID
+		if m.DisplayName != "" {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", m.ID, m.DisplayName)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("  %s %s\n", status, name)
+	}
+}
+
+// isAntigravityModel checks if a model string belongs to antigravity provider
+func isAntigravityModel(model string) bool {
+	return model == "antigravity" ||
+		model == "google-antigravity" ||
+		strings.HasPrefix(model, "antigravity/") ||
+		strings.HasPrefix(model, "google-antigravity/")
+}
+
+// isOpenAIModel checks if a model string belongs to openai provider
+func isOpenAIModel(model string) bool {
+	return model == "openai" ||
+		strings.HasPrefix(model, "openai/")
+}
+
+// isAnthropicModel checks if a model string belongs to anthropic provider
+func isAnthropicModel(model string) bool {
+	return model == "anthropic" ||
+		strings.HasPrefix(model, "anthropic/")
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_cron.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_cron.go
@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/cron"
+)
+
+func cronCmd() {
+	if len(os.Args) < 3 {
+		cronHelp()
+		return
+	}
+
+	subcommand := os.Args[2]
+
+	// Load config to get workspace path
+	cfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading config: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	cronStorePath := filepath.Join(cfg.WorkspacePath(), "cron", "jobs.json")
+
+	switch subcommand {
+	case "list":
+		cronListCmd(cronStorePath)
+	case "add":
+		cronAddCmd(cronStorePath)
+	case "remove":
+		if len(os.Args) < 4 {
+			fmt.Println("Usage: picoclaw cron remove <job_id>")
+			return
+		}
+		cronRemoveCmd(cronStorePath, os.Args[3])
+	case "enable":
+		cronEnableCmd(cronStorePath, false)
+	case "disable":
+		cronEnableCmd(cronStorePath, true)
+	default:
+		fmt.Printf("Unknown cron command: %s\n", subcommand)
+		cronHelp()
+	}
+}
+
+func cronHelp() {
+	fmt.Println("\nCron commands:")
+	fmt.Println("  list              List all scheduled jobs")
+	fmt.Println("  add              Add a new scheduled job")
+	fmt.Println("  remove <id>       Remove a job by ID")
+	fmt.Println("  enable <id>      Enable a job")
+	fmt.Println("  disable <id>     Disable a job")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Add options:")
+	fmt.Println("  -n, --name       Job name")
+	fmt.Println("  -m, --message    Message for agent")
+	fmt.Println("  -e, --every      Run every N seconds")
+	fmt.Println("  -c, --cron       Cron expression (e.g. '0 9 * * *')")
+	fmt.Println("  -d, --deliver     Deliver response to channel")
+	fmt.Println("  --to             Recipient for delivery")
+	fmt.Println("  --channel        Channel for delivery")
+}
+
+func cronListCmd(storePath string) {
+	cs := cron.NewCronService(storePath, nil)
+	jobs := cs.ListJobs(true) // Show all jobs, including disabled
+
+	if len(jobs) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No scheduled jobs.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\nScheduled Jobs:")
+	fmt.Println("----------------")
+	for _, job := range jobs {
+		var schedule string
+		if job.Schedule.Kind == "every" && job.Schedule.EveryMS != nil {
+			schedule = fmt.Sprintf("every %ds", *job.Schedule.EveryMS/1000)
+		} else if job.Schedule.Kind == "cron" {
+			schedule = job.Schedule.Expr
+		} else {
+			schedule = "one-time"
+		}
+
+		nextRun := "scheduled"
+		if job.State.NextRunAtMS != nil {
+			nextTime := time.UnixMilli(*job.State.NextRunAtMS)
+			nextRun = nextTime.Format("2006-01-02 15:04")
+		}
+
+		status := "enabled"
+		if !job.Enabled {
+			status = "disabled"
+		}
+
+		fmt.Printf("  %s (%s)\n", job.Name, job.ID)
+		fmt.Printf("    Schedule: %s\n", schedule)
+		fmt.Printf("    Status: %s\n", status)
+		fmt.Printf("    Next run: %s\n", nextRun)
+	}
+}
+
+func cronAddCmd(storePath string) {
+	name := ""
+	message := ""
+	var everySec *int64
+	cronExpr := ""
+	deliver := false
+	channel := ""
+	to := ""
+
+	args := os.Args[3:]
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "-n", "--name":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				name = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "-m", "--message":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				message = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "-e", "--every":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				var sec int64
+				fmt.Sscanf(args[i+1], "%d", &sec)
+				everySec = &sec
+				i++
+			}
+		case "-c", "--cron":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				cronExpr = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "-d", "--deliver":
+			deliver = true
+		case "--to":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				to = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "--channel":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				channel = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if name == "" {
+		fmt.Println("Error: --name is required")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if message == "" {
+		fmt.Println("Error: --message is required")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if everySec == nil && cronExpr == "" {
+		fmt.Println("Error: Either --every or --cron must be specified")
+		return
+	}
+
+	var schedule cron.CronSchedule
+	if everySec != nil {
+		everyMS := *everySec * 1000
+		schedule = cron.CronSchedule{
+			Kind:    "every",
+			EveryMS: &everyMS,
+		}
+	} else {
+		schedule = cron.CronSchedule{
+			Kind: "cron",
+			Expr: cronExpr,
+		}
+	}
+
+	cs := cron.NewCronService(storePath, nil)
+	job, err := cs.AddJob(name, schedule, message, deliver, channel, to)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error adding job: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("✓ Added job '%s' (%s)\n", job.Name, job.ID)
+}
+
+func cronRemoveCmd(storePath, jobID string) {
+	cs := cron.NewCronService(storePath, nil)
+	if cs.RemoveJob(jobID) {
+		fmt.Printf("✓ Removed job %s\n", jobID)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("✗ Job %s not found\n", jobID)
+	}
+}
+
+func cronEnableCmd(storePath string, disable bool) {
+	if len(os.Args) < 4 {
+		fmt.Println("Usage: picoclaw cron enable/disable <job_id>")
+		return
+	}
+
+	jobID := os.Args[3]
+	cs := cron.NewCronService(storePath, nil)
+	enabled := !disable
+
+	job := cs.EnableJob(jobID, enabled)
+	if job != nil {
+		status := "enabled"
+		if disable {
+			status = "disabled"
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("✓ Job '%s' %s\n", job.Name, status)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("✗ Job %s not found\n", jobID)
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_gateway.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_gateway.go
@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/agent"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/bus"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/channels"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/cron"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/devices"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/health"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/heartbeat"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/state"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/voice"
+)
+
+func gatewayCmd() {
+	// Check for --debug flag
+	args := os.Args[2:]
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		if arg == "--debug" || arg == "-d" {
+			logger.SetLevel(logger.DEBUG)
+			fmt.Println("🔍 Debug mode enabled")
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading config: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := providers.CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error creating provider: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	// Use the resolved model ID from provider creation
+	if modelID != "" {
+		cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = modelID
+	}
+
+	msgBus := bus.NewMessageBus()
+	agentLoop := agent.NewAgentLoop(cfg, msgBus, provider)
+
+	// Print agent startup info
+	fmt.Println("\n📦 Agent Status:")
+	startupInfo := agentLoop.GetStartupInfo()
+	toolsInfo := startupInfo["tools"].(map[string]interface{})
+	skillsInfo := startupInfo["skills"].(map[string]interface{})
+	fmt.Printf("  • Tools: %d loaded\n", toolsInfo["count"])
+	fmt.Printf("  • Skills: %d/%d available\n",
+		skillsInfo["available"],
+		skillsInfo["total"])
+
+	// Log to file as well
+	logger.InfoCF("agent", "Agent initialized",
+		map[string]interface{}{
+			"tools_count":      toolsInfo["count"],
+			"skills_total":     skillsInfo["total"],
+			"skills_available": skillsInfo["available"],
+		})
+
+	// Setup cron tool and service
+	execTimeout := time.Duration(cfg.Tools.Cron.ExecTimeoutMinutes) * time.Minute
+	cronService := setupCronTool(agentLoop, msgBus, cfg.WorkspacePath(), cfg.Agents.Defaults.RestrictToWorkspace, execTimeout, cfg)
+
+	heartbeatService := heartbeat.NewHeartbeatService(
+		cfg.WorkspacePath(),
+		cfg.Heartbeat.Interval,
+		cfg.Heartbeat.Enabled,
+	)
+	heartbeatService.SetBus(msgBus)
+	heartbeatService.SetHandler(func(prompt, channel, chatID string) *tools.ToolResult {
+		// Use cli:direct as fallback if no valid channel
+		if channel == "" || chatID == "" {
+			channel, chatID = "cli", "direct"
+		}
+		// Use ProcessHeartbeat - no session history, each heartbeat is independent
+		response, err := agentLoop.ProcessHeartbeat(context.Background(), prompt, channel, chatID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return tools.ErrorResult(fmt.Sprintf("Heartbeat error: %v", err))
+		}
+		if response == "HEARTBEAT_OK" {
+			return tools.SilentResult("Heartbeat OK")
+		}
+		// For heartbeat, always return silent - the subagent result will be
+		// sent to user via processSystemMessage when the async task completes
+		return tools.SilentResult(response)
+	})
+
+	channelManager, err := channels.NewManager(cfg, msgBus)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error creating channel manager: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	// Inject channel manager into agent loop for command handling
+	agentLoop.SetChannelManager(channelManager)
+
+	var transcriber *voice.GroqTranscriber
+	if cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "" {
+		transcriber = voice.NewGroqTranscriber(cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey)
+		logger.InfoC("voice", "Groq voice transcription enabled")
+	}
+
+	if transcriber != nil {
+		if telegramChannel, ok := channelManager.GetChannel("telegram"); ok {
+			if tc, ok := telegramChannel.(*channels.TelegramChannel); ok {
+				tc.SetTranscriber(transcriber)
+				logger.InfoC("voice", "Groq transcription attached to Telegram channel")
+			}
+		}
+		if discordChannel, ok := channelManager.GetChannel("discord"); ok {
+			if dc, ok := discordChannel.(*channels.DiscordChannel); ok {
+				dc.SetTranscriber(transcriber)
+				logger.InfoC("voice", "Groq transcription attached to Discord channel")
+			}
+		}
+		if slackChannel, ok := channelManager.GetChannel("slack"); ok {
+			if sc, ok := slackChannel.(*channels.SlackChannel); ok {
+				sc.SetTranscriber(transcriber)
+				logger.InfoC("voice", "Groq transcription attached to Slack channel")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	enabledChannels := channelManager.GetEnabledChannels()
+	if len(enabledChannels) > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("✓ Channels enabled: %s\n", enabledChannels)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("⚠ Warning: No channels enabled")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("✓ Gateway started on %s:%d\n", cfg.Gateway.Host, cfg.Gateway.Port)
+	fmt.Println("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := cronService.Start(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error starting cron service: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("✓ Cron service started")
+
+	if err := heartbeatService.Start(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error starting heartbeat service: %v\n", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Println("✓ Heartbeat service started")
+
+	stateManager := state.NewManager(cfg.WorkspacePath())
+	deviceService := devices.NewService(devices.Config{
+		Enabled:    cfg.Devices.Enabled,
+		MonitorUSB: cfg.Devices.MonitorUSB,
+	}, stateManager)
+	deviceService.SetBus(msgBus)
+	if err := deviceService.Start(ctx); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error starting device service: %v\n", err)
+	} else if cfg.Devices.Enabled {
+		fmt.Println("✓ Device event service started")
+	}
+
+	if err := channelManager.StartAll(ctx); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error starting channels: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	healthServer := health.NewServer(cfg.Gateway.Host, cfg.Gateway.Port)
+	go func() {
+		if err := healthServer.Start(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			logger.ErrorCF("health", "Health server error", map[string]interface{}{"error": err.Error()})
+		}
+	}()
+	fmt.Printf("✓ Health endpoints available at http://%s:%d/health and /ready\n", cfg.Gateway.Host, cfg.Gateway.Port)
+
+	go agentLoop.Run(ctx)
+
+	sigChan := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(sigChan, os.Interrupt)
+	<-sigChan
+
+	fmt.Println("\nShutting down...")
+	cancel()
+	healthServer.Stop(context.Background())
+	deviceService.Stop()
+	heartbeatService.Stop()
+	cronService.Stop()
+	agentLoop.Stop()
+	channelManager.StopAll(ctx)
+	fmt.Println("✓ Gateway stopped")
+}
+
+func setupCronTool(agentLoop *agent.AgentLoop, msgBus *bus.MessageBus, workspace string, restrict bool, execTimeout time.Duration, cfg *config.Config) *cron.CronService {
+	cronStorePath := filepath.Join(workspace, "cron", "jobs.json")
+
+	// Create cron service
+	cronService := cron.NewCronService(cronStorePath, nil)
+
+	// Create and register CronTool
+	cronTool := tools.NewCronTool(cronService, agentLoop, msgBus, workspace, restrict, execTimeout, cfg)
+	agentLoop.RegisterTool(cronTool)
+
+	// Set the onJob handler
+	cronService.SetOnJob(func(job *cron.CronJob) (string, error) {
+		result := cronTool.ExecuteJob(context.Background(), job)
+		return result, nil
+	})
+
+	return cronService
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_migrate.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_migrate.go
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/migrate"
+)
+
+func migrateCmd() {
+	if len(os.Args) > 2 && (os.Args[2] == "--help" || os.Args[2] == "-h") {
+		migrateHelp()
+		return
+	}
+
+	opts := migrate.Options{}
+
+	args := os.Args[2:]
+	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "--dry-run":
+			opts.DryRun = true
+		case "--config-only":
+			opts.ConfigOnly = true
+		case "--workspace-only":
+			opts.WorkspaceOnly = true
+		case "--force":
+			opts.Force = true
+		case "--refresh":
+			opts.Refresh = true
+		case "--openclaw-home":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				opts.OpenClawHome = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		case "--picoclaw-home":
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				opts.PicoClawHome = args[i+1]
+				i++
+			}
+		default:
+			fmt.Printf("Unknown flag: %s\n", args[i])
+			migrateHelp()
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	result, err := migrate.Run(opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if !opts.DryRun {
+		migrate.PrintSummary(result)
+	}
+}
+
+func migrateHelp() {
+	fmt.Println("\nMigrate from OpenClaw to PicoClaw")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Usage: picoclaw migrate [options]")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Options:")
+	fmt.Println("  --dry-run          Show what would be migrated without making changes")
+	fmt.Println("  --refresh          Re-sync workspace files from OpenClaw (repeatable)")
+	fmt.Println("  --config-only      Only migrate config, skip workspace files")
+	fmt.Println("  --workspace-only   Only migrate workspace files, skip config")
+	fmt.Println("  --force            Skip confirmation prompts")
+	fmt.Println("  --openclaw-home    Override OpenClaw home directory (default: ~/.openclaw)")
+	fmt.Println("  --picoclaw-home    Override PicoClaw home directory (default: ~/.picoclaw)")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Examples:")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw migrate              Detect and migrate from OpenClaw")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw migrate --dry-run    Show what would be migrated")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw migrate --refresh    Re-sync workspace files")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw migrate --force      Migrate without confirmation")
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_onboard.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_onboard.go
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+//go:generate cp -r ../../workspace .
+//go:embed workspace
+var embeddedFiles embed.FS
+
+func onboard() {
+	configPath := getConfigPath()
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Config already exists at %s\n", configPath)
+		fmt.Print("Overwrite? (y/n): ")
+		var response string
+		fmt.Scanln(&response)
+		if response != "y" {
+			fmt.Println("Aborted.")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	if err := config.SaveConfig(configPath, cfg); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error saving config: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
+	createWorkspaceTemplates(workspace)
+
+	fmt.Printf("%s picoclaw is ready!\n", logo)
+	fmt.Println("\nNext steps:")
+	fmt.Println("  1. Add your API key to", configPath)
+	fmt.Println("")
+	fmt.Println("     Recommended:")
+	fmt.Println("     - OpenRouter: https://openrouter.ai/keys (access 100+ models)")
+	fmt.Println("     - Ollama:     https://ollama.com (local, free)")
+	fmt.Println("")
+	fmt.Println("     See README.md for 17+ supported providers.")
+	fmt.Println("")
+	fmt.Println("  2. Chat: picoclaw agent -m \"Hello!\"")
+}
+
+func copyEmbeddedToTarget(targetDir string) error {
+	// Ensure target directory exists
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(targetDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create target directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Walk through all files in embed.FS
+	err := fs.WalkDir(embeddedFiles, "workspace", func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Skip directories
+		if d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Read embedded file
+		data, err := embeddedFiles.ReadFile(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to read embedded file %s: %w", path, err)
+		}
+
+		new_path, err := filepath.Rel("workspace", path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to get relative path for %s: %v\n", path, err)
+		}
+
+		// Build target file path
+		targetPath := filepath.Join(targetDir, new_path)
+
+		// Ensure target file's directory exists
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(targetPath), 0755); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create directory %s: %w", filepath.Dir(targetPath), err)
+		}
+
+		// Write file
+		if err := os.WriteFile(targetPath, data, 0644); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to write file %s: %w", targetPath, err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func createWorkspaceTemplates(workspace string) {
+	err := copyEmbeddedToTarget(workspace)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error copying workspace templates: %v\n", err)
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_skills.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_skills.go
@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/skills"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
+)
+
+func skillsHelp() {
+	fmt.Println("\nSkills commands:")
+	fmt.Println("  list                    List installed skills")
+	fmt.Println("  install <repo>          Install skill from GitHub")
+	fmt.Println("  install-builtin         Install all builtin skills to workspace")
+	fmt.Println("  list-builtin            List available builtin skills")
+	fmt.Println("  remove <name>           Remove installed skill")
+	fmt.Println("  search                  Search available skills")
+	fmt.Println("  show <name>             Show skill details")
+	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Println("Examples:")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills list")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills install sipeed/picoclaw-skills/weather")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills install-builtin")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills list-builtin")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills remove weather")
+	fmt.Println("  picoclaw skills install --registry clawhub github")
+}
+
+func skillsListCmd(loader *skills.SkillsLoader) {
+	allSkills := loader.ListSkills()
+
+	if len(allSkills) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No skills installed.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\nInstalled Skills:")
+	fmt.Println("------------------")
+	for _, skill := range allSkills {
+		fmt.Printf("  ✓ %s (%s)\n", skill.Name, skill.Source)
+		if skill.Description != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("    %s\n", skill.Description)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func skillsInstallCmd(installer *skills.SkillInstaller, cfg *config.Config) {
+	if len(os.Args) < 4 {
+		fmt.Println("Usage: picoclaw skills install <github-repo>")
+		fmt.Println("       picoclaw skills install --registry <name> <slug>")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Check for --registry flag.
+	if os.Args[3] == "--registry" {
+		if len(os.Args) < 6 {
+			fmt.Println("Usage: picoclaw skills install --registry <name> <slug>")
+			fmt.Println("Example: picoclaw skills install --registry clawhub github")
+			return
+		}
+		registryName := os.Args[4]
+		slug := os.Args[5]
+		skillsInstallFromRegistry(cfg, registryName, slug)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Default: install from GitHub (backward compatible).
+	repo := os.Args[3]
+	fmt.Printf("Installing skill from %s...\n", repo)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := installer.InstallFromGitHub(ctx, repo); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Failed to install skill: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("\u2713 Skill '%s' installed successfully!\n", filepath.Base(repo))
+}
+
+// skillsInstallFromRegistry installs a skill from a named registry (e.g. clawhub).
+func skillsInstallFromRegistry(cfg *config.Config, registryName, slug string) {
+	err := utils.ValidateSkillIdentifier(registryName)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Invalid registry name: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	err = utils.ValidateSkillIdentifier(slug)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Invalid slug: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Installing skill '%s' from %s registry...\n", slug, registryName)
+
+	registryMgr := skills.NewRegistryManagerFromConfig(skills.RegistryConfig{
+		MaxConcurrentSearches: cfg.Tools.Skills.MaxConcurrentSearches,
+		ClawHub:               skills.ClawHubConfig(cfg.Tools.Skills.Registries.ClawHub),
+	})
+
+	registry := registryMgr.GetRegistry(registryName)
+	if registry == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Registry '%s' not found or not enabled. Check your config.json.\n", registryName)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
+	targetDir := filepath.Join(workspace, "skills", slug)
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(targetDir); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Skill '%s' already installed at %s\n", slug, targetDir)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 60*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(workspace, "skills"), 0755); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Failed to create skills directory: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	result, err := registry.DownloadAndInstall(ctx, slug, "", targetDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		rmErr := os.RemoveAll(targetDir)
+		if rmErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("\u2717 Failed to remove partial install: %v\n", rmErr)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Failed to install skill: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if result.IsMalwareBlocked {
+		rmErr := os.RemoveAll(targetDir)
+		if rmErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("\u2717 Failed to remove partial install: %v\n", rmErr)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("\u2717 Skill '%s' is flagged as malicious and cannot be installed.\n", slug)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	if result.IsSuspicious {
+		fmt.Printf("\u26a0\ufe0f  Warning: skill '%s' is flagged as suspicious.\n", slug)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("\u2713 Skill '%s' v%s installed successfully!\n", slug, result.Version)
+	if result.Summary != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("  %s\n", result.Summary)
+	}
+}
+
+func skillsRemoveCmd(installer *skills.SkillInstaller, skillName string) {
+	fmt.Printf("Removing skill '%s'...\n", skillName)
+
+	if err := installer.Uninstall(skillName); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("✗ Failed to remove skill: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("✓ Skill '%s' removed successfully!\n", skillName)
+}
+
+func skillsInstallBuiltinCmd(workspace string) {
+	builtinSkillsDir := "./picoclaw/skills"
+	workspaceSkillsDir := filepath.Join(workspace, "skills")
+
+	fmt.Printf("Copying builtin skills to workspace...\n")
+
+	skillsToInstall := []string{
+		"weather",
+		"news",
+		"stock",
+		"calculator",
+	}
+
+	for _, skillName := range skillsToInstall {
+		builtinPath := filepath.Join(builtinSkillsDir, skillName)
+		workspacePath := filepath.Join(workspaceSkillsDir, skillName)
+
+		if _, err := os.Stat(builtinPath); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("⊘ Builtin skill '%s' not found: %v\n", skillName, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(workspacePath, 0755); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("✗ Failed to create directory for %s: %v\n", skillName, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := copyDirectory(builtinPath, workspacePath); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("✗ Failed to copy %s: %v\n", skillName, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("\n✓ All builtin skills installed!")
+	fmt.Println("Now you can use them in your workspace.")
+}
+
+func skillsListBuiltinCmd() {
+	cfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading config: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	builtinSkillsDir := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(cfg.WorkspacePath()), "picoclaw", "skills")
+
+	fmt.Println("\nAvailable Builtin Skills:")
+	fmt.Println("-----------------------")
+
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(builtinSkillsDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error reading builtin skills: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No builtin skills available.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			skillName := entry.Name()
+			skillFile := filepath.Join(builtinSkillsDir, skillName, "SKILL.md")
+
+			description := "No description"
+			if _, err := os.Stat(skillFile); err == nil {
+				data, err := os.ReadFile(skillFile)
+				if err == nil {
+					content := string(data)
+					if idx := strings.Index(content, "\n"); idx > 0 {
+						firstLine := content[:idx]
+						if strings.Contains(firstLine, "description:") {
+							descLine := strings.Index(content[idx:], "\n")
+							if descLine > 0 {
+								description = strings.TrimSpace(content[idx+descLine : idx+descLine])
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			status := "✓"
+			fmt.Printf("  %s  %s\n", status, entry.Name())
+			if description != "" {
+				fmt.Printf("     %s\n", description)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func skillsSearchCmd(installer *skills.SkillInstaller) {
+	fmt.Println("Searching for available skills...")
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	availableSkills, err := installer.ListAvailableSkills(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("✗ Failed to fetch skills list: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(availableSkills) == 0 {
+		fmt.Println("No skills available.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("\nAvailable Skills (%d):\n", len(availableSkills))
+	fmt.Println("--------------------")
+	for _, skill := range availableSkills {
+		fmt.Printf("  📦 %s\n", skill.Name)
+		fmt.Printf("     %s\n", skill.Description)
+		fmt.Printf("     Repo: %s\n", skill.Repository)
+		if skill.Author != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("     Author: %s\n", skill.Author)
+		}
+		if len(skill.Tags) > 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("     Tags: %v\n", skill.Tags)
+		}
+		fmt.Println()
+	}
+}
+
+func skillsShowCmd(loader *skills.SkillsLoader, skillName string) {
+	content, ok := loader.LoadSkill(skillName)
+	if !ok {
+		fmt.Printf("✗ Skill '%s' not found\n", skillName)
+		return
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("\n📦 Skill: %s\n", skillName)
+	fmt.Println("----------------------")
+	fmt.Println(content)
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_status.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/cmd_status.go
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+)
+
+func statusCmd() {
+	cfg, err := loadConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Error loading config: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	configPath := getConfigPath()
+
+	fmt.Printf("%s picoclaw Status\n", logo)
+	fmt.Printf("Version: %s\n", formatVersion())
+	build, _ := formatBuildInfo()
+	if build != "" {
+		fmt.Printf("Build: %s\n", build)
+	}
+	fmt.Println()
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); err == nil {
+		fmt.Println("Config:", configPath, "✓")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("Config:", configPath, "✗")
+	}
+
+	workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
+	if _, err := os.Stat(workspace); err == nil {
+		fmt.Println("Workspace:", workspace, "✓")
+	} else {
+		fmt.Println("Workspace:", workspace, "✗")
+	}
+
+	if _, err := os.Stat(configPath); err == nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Model: %s\n", cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model)
+
+		hasOpenRouter := cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != ""
+		hasAnthropic := cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != ""
+		hasOpenAI := cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey != ""
+		hasGemini := cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != ""
+		hasZhipu := cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != ""
+		hasQwen := cfg.Providers.Qwen.APIKey != ""
+		hasGroq := cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != ""
+		hasVLLM := cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase != ""
+		hasMoonshot := cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey != ""
+		hasDeepSeek := cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey != ""
+		hasVolcEngine := cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIKey != ""
+		hasNvidia := cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey != ""
+		hasOllama := cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIBase != ""
+
+		status := func(enabled bool) string {
+			if enabled {
+				return "✓"
+			}
+			return "not set"
+		}
+		fmt.Println("OpenRouter API:", status(hasOpenRouter))
+		fmt.Println("Anthropic API:", status(hasAnthropic))
+		fmt.Println("OpenAI API:", status(hasOpenAI))
+		fmt.Println("Gemini API:", status(hasGemini))
+		fmt.Println("Zhipu API:", status(hasZhipu))
+		fmt.Println("Qwen API:", status(hasQwen))
+		fmt.Println("Groq API:", status(hasGroq))
+		fmt.Println("Moonshot API:", status(hasMoonshot))
+		fmt.Println("DeepSeek API:", status(hasDeepSeek))
+		fmt.Println("VolcEngine API:", status(hasVolcEngine))
+		fmt.Println("Nvidia API:", status(hasNvidia))
+		if hasVLLM {
+			fmt.Printf("vLLM/Local: ✓ %s\n", cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("vLLM/Local: not set")
+		}
+		if hasOllama {
+			fmt.Printf("Ollama: ✓ %s\n", cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIBase)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("Ollama: not set")
+		}
+
+		store, _ := auth.LoadStore()
+		if store != nil && len(store.Credentials) > 0 {
+			fmt.Println("\nOAuth/Token Auth:")
+			for provider, cred := range store.Credentials {
+				status := "authenticated"
+				if cred.IsExpired() {
+					status = "expired"
+				} else if cred.NeedsRefresh() {
+					status = "needs refresh"
+				}
+				fmt.Printf("  %s (%s): %s\n", provider, cred.AuthMethod, status)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/picoclaw/main.go
+++ b/cmd/picoclaw/main.go
--- a/config/config.example.json
+++ b/config/config.example.json
@ -3,12 +3,48 @@
    "defaults": {
      "workspace": "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
      "restrict_to_workspace": true,
-      "model": "glm-4.7",
+      "model": "gpt4",
      "max_tokens": 8192,
      "temperature": 0.7,
      "max_tool_iterations": 20
    }
  },
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key",
+      "api_base": "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key",
+      "api_base": "https://api.anthropic.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gemini",
+      "model": "antigravity/gemini-2.0-flash",
+      "auth_method": "oauth"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "deepseek",
+      "model": "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-deepseek-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "loadbalanced-gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-key1",
+      "api_base": "https://api1.example.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "loadbalanced-gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-key2",
+      "api_base": "https://api2.example.com/v1"
+    }
+  ],
  "channels": {
    "telegram": {
      "enabled": false,
@ -21,6 +57,13 @@
    "discord": {
      "enabled": false,
      "token": "YOUR_DISCORD_BOT_TOKEN",
+      "allow_from": [],
+      "mention_only": false
+    },
+    "qq": {
+      "enabled": false,
+      "app_id": "YOUR_QQ_APP_ID",
+      "app_secret": "YOUR_QQ_APP_SECRET",
      "allow_from": []
    },
    "maixcam": {
@ -73,13 +116,15 @@
    }
  },
  "providers": {
+    "_comment": "DEPRECATED: Use model_list instead. This will be removed in a future version",
    "anthropic": {
      "api_key": "",
      "api_base": ""
    },
    "openai": {
      "api_key": "",
-      "api_base": ""
+      "api_base": "",
+      "web_search": true
    },
    "openrouter": {
      "api_key": "sk-or-v1-xxx",
@ -110,10 +155,18 @@
      "api_key": "sk-xxx",
      "api_base": ""
    },
+    "qwen": {
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx",
+      "api_base": ""
+    },
    "ollama": {
      "api_key": "",
      "api_base": "http://localhost:11434/v1"
    },
+    "cerebras": {
+      "api_key": "",
+      "api_base": ""
+    },
    "volcengine": {
      "api_key": "",
      "api_base": ""
@ -126,6 +179,10 @@
        "api_key": "YOUR_BRAVE_API_KEY",
        "max_results": 5
      },
+      "duckduckgo": {
+        "enabled": true,
+        "max_results": 5
+      },
      "perplexity": {
        "enabled": false,
        "api_key": "pplx-xxx",
@ -134,6 +191,21 @@
    },
    "cron": {
      "exec_timeout_minutes": 5
+    },
+    "exec": {
+      "enable_deny_patterns": false,
+      "custom_deny_patterns": []
+    },
+    "skills": {
+      "registries": {
+        "clawhub": {
+          "enabled": true,
+          "base_url": "https://clawhub.ai",
+          "search_path": "/api/v1/search",
+          "skills_path": "/api/v1/skills",
+          "download_path": "/api/v1/download"
+        }
+      }
    }
  },
  "heartbeat": {
--- a/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ services:
    profiles:
      - agent
    volumes:
-      - ./config/config.json:/root/.picoclaw/config.json:ro
-      - picoclaw-workspace:/root/.picoclaw/workspace
+      - ./config/config.json:/home/picoclaw/.picoclaw/config.json:ro
+      - picoclaw-workspace:/home/picoclaw/.picoclaw/workspace
    entrypoint: ["picoclaw", "agent"]
    stdin_open: true
    tty: true
@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ services:
      - gateway
    volumes:
      # Configuration file
-      - ./config/config.json:/root/.picoclaw/config.json:ro
+      - ./config/config.json:/home/picoclaw/.picoclaw/config.json:ro
      # Persistent workspace (sessions, memory, logs)
-      - picoclaw-workspace:/root/.picoclaw/workspace
+      - picoclaw-workspace:/home/picoclaw/.picoclaw/workspace
    command: ["gateway"]

 volumes:
--- a/docs/ANTIGRAVITY_AUTH.md
+++ b/docs/ANTIGRAVITY_AUTH.md
--- a/docs/ANTIGRAVITY_USAGE.md
+++ b/docs/ANTIGRAVITY_USAGE.md
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Using Antigravity Provider in PicoClaw
+
+This guide explains how to set up and use the **Antigravity** (Google Cloud Code Assist) provider in PicoClaw.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1.  A Google account.
+2.  Google Cloud Code Assist enabled (usually available via the "Gemini for Google Cloud" onboarding).
+
+## 1. Authentication
+
+To authenticate with Antigravity, run the following command:
+
+```bash
+picoclaw auth login --provider antigravity
+```
+
+### Manual Authentication (Headless/VPS)
+If you are running on a server (Coolify/Docker) and cannot reach `localhost`, follow these steps:
+1.  Run the command above.
+2.  Copy the URL provided and open it in your local browser.
+3.  Complete the login.
+4.  Your browser will redirect to a `localhost:51121` URL (which will fail to load).
+5.  **Copy that final URL** from your browser's address bar.
+6.  **Paste it back into the terminal** where PicoClaw is waiting.
+
+PicoClaw will extract the authorization code and complete the process automatically.
+
+## 2. Managing Models
+
+### List Available Models
+To see which models your project has access to and check their quotas:
+
+```bash
+picoclaw auth models
+```
+
+### Switch Models
+You can change the default model in `~/.picoclaw/config.json` or override it via the CLI:
+
+```bash
+# Override for a single command
+picoclaw agent -m "Hello" --model claude-opus-4-6-thinking
+```
+
+## 3. Real-world Usage (Coolify/Docker)
+
+If you are deploying via Coolify or Docker, follow these steps to test:
+
+1.  **Branch**: Use the `feat/antigravity-provider` branch.
+2.  **Environment Variables**:
+    *   `PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_PROVIDER=antigravity`
+    *   `PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MODEL=gemini-3-flash`
+3.  **Authentication persistence**: 
+    If you've logged in locally, you can copy your credentials to the server:
+    ```bash
+    scp ~/.picoclaw/auth-profiles.json user@your-server:~/.picoclaw/
+    ```
+    *Alternatively*, run the `auth login` command once on the server if you have terminal access.
+
+## 4. Troubleshooting
+
+*   **Empty Response**: If a model returns an empty reply, it may be restricted for your project. Try `gemini-3-flash` or `claude-opus-4-6-thinking`.
+*   **429 Rate Limit**: Antigravity has strict quotas. PicoClaw will display the "reset time" in the error message if you hit a limit.
+*   **404 Not Found**: Ensure you are using a model ID from the `picoclaw auth models` list. Use the short ID (e.g., `gemini-3-flash`) not the full path.
+
+## 5. Summary of Working Models
+
+Based on testing, the following models are most reliable:
+*   `gemini-3-flash` (Fast, highly available)
+*   `gemini-2.5-flash-lite` (Lightweight)
+*   `claude-opus-4-6-thinking` (Powerful, includes reasoning)
--- a/docs/design/provider-refactoring-tests.md
+++ b/docs/design/provider-refactoring-tests.md
@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Provider Architecture Refactoring - Test Suite Summary
+
+> PRD: `tasks/prd-provider-refactoring.md`
+
+This document summarizes the complete test suite designed for the Provider architecture refactoring.
+
+## Test File Structure
+
+```
+pkg/
+├── config/
+│   ├── model_config_test.go      # US-001, US-002: ModelConfig struct and GetModelConfig tests
+│   └── migration_test.go         # US-003: Backward compatibility and migration tests
+├── providers/
+│   ├── registry_test.go          # US-006: Load balancing tests
+│   ├── integration_test.go       # E2E integration tests
+│   └── factory/
+│       └── factory_test.go       # US-004, US-005: Provider factory tests
+```
+
+---
+
+## Test Case Checklist
+
+### 1. `pkg/config/model_config_test.go` - Configuration Parsing Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose | PRD Reference |
+|-----------|---------|---------------|
+| `TestModelConfig_Parsing` | Verify ModelConfig JSON parsing | US-001 |
+| `TestModelConfig_ModelListInConfig` | Verify model_list parsing in Config | US-001 |
+| `TestModelConfig_Validation` | Verify required field validation | US-001 |
+| `TestConfig_GetModelConfig_Found` | Verify GetModelConfig finds model | US-002 |
+| `TestConfig_GetModelConfig_NotFound` | Verify GetModelConfig returns error | US-002 |
+| `TestConfig_GetModelConfig_EmptyModelList` | Verify empty model_list handling | US-002 |
+| `TestConfig_BackwardCompatibility_ProvidersToModelList` | Verify old config conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestConfig_DeprecationWarning` | Verify deprecation warning | US-003 |
+| `TestModelConfig_ProtocolExtraction` | Verify protocol prefix extraction | US-004 |
+| `TestConfig_ModelNameUniqueness` | Verify model_name uniqueness | US-001 |
+
+### 2. `pkg/config/migration_test.go` - Migration Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose | PRD Reference |
+|-----------|---------|---------------|
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_OpenAI` | OpenAI config conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Anthropic` | Anthropic config conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_MultipleProviders` | Multiple provider conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_EmptyProviders` | Empty providers handling | US-003 |
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_GitHubCopilot` | GitHub Copilot conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Antigravity` | Antigravity conversion | US-003 |
+| `TestGenerateModelName_*` | Model name generation | US-003 |
+| `TestHasProvidersConfig_*` | Detect old config existence | US-003 |
+| `TestValidateMigration_*` | Migration validation | US-003 |
+| `TestMigrateConfig_DryRun` | Dry run migration | US-003 |
+| `TestMigrateConfig_Actual` | Actual migration | US-003 |
+
+### 3. `pkg/providers/registry_test.go` - Load Balancing Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose | PRD Reference |
+|-----------|---------|---------------|
+| `TestModelRegistry_SingleConfig` | Single config returns same result | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_RoundRobinSelection` | 3-config round-robin selection | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_RoundRobinTwoConfigs` | 2-config round-robin selection | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_ConcurrentAccess` | Concurrent access thread safety | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_RaceDetection` | Data race detection | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_ModelNotFound` | Model not found error | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_EmptyRegistry` | Empty registry handling | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_MultipleModels` | Multiple model registration | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_MixedSingleAndMultiple` | Single/multiple config mix | US-006 |
+| `TestModelRegistry_CaseSensitiveModelNames` | Case sensitivity | US-006 |
+
+### 4. `pkg/providers/factory/factory_test.go` - Provider Factory Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose | PRD Reference |
+|-----------|---------|---------------|
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_OpenAI` | Create OpenAI provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_OpenAIDefault` | Default openai protocol | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_Anthropic` | Create Anthropic provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_Antigravity` | Create Antigravity provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_ClaudeCLI` | Create Claude CLI provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_CodexCLI` | Create Codex CLI provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_GitHubCopilot` | Create GitHub Copilot provider | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_UnknownProtocol` | Unknown protocol error handling | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_MissingAPIKey` | Missing API key error | US-004 |
+| `TestExtractProtocol` | Protocol prefix extraction | US-004 |
+| `TestCreateProvider_UsesModelList` | Create using model_list | US-005 |
+| `TestCreateProvider_FallbackToProviders` | Fallback to providers | US-005 |
+| `TestCreateProvider_PriorityModelListOverProviders` | model_list priority | US-005 |
+
+### 5. `pkg/providers/integration_test.go` - E2E Integration Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose | PRD Reference |
+|-----------|---------|---------------|
+| `TestE2E_OpenAICompatibleProvider_NoCodeChange` | Zero-code provider addition | Goal |
+| `TestE2E_LoadBalancing_RoundRobin` | Load balancing actual effect | US-006 |
+| `TestE2E_BackwardCompatibility_OldProvidersConfig` | Old config compatibility | US-003 |
+| `TestE2E_ErrorHandling_ModelNotFound` | Model not found | FR-30 |
+| `TestE2E_ErrorHandling_MissingAPIKey` | Missing API key | FR-31 |
+| `TestE2E_ErrorHandling_InvalidAPIBase` | Invalid API base | FR-30 |
+| `TestE2E_ToolCalls_OpenAICompatible` | Tool call support | - |
+| `TestE2E_AntigravityProvider` | Antigravity provider | US-004 |
+| `TestE2E_ClaudeCLIProvider` | Claude CLI provider | US-004 |
+
+### 6. Performance Tests
+
+| Test Name | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------|
+| `BenchmarkCreateProviderFromConfig` | Provider creation performance |
+| `BenchmarkGetModelConfig` | Model lookup performance |
+| `BenchmarkGetModelConfigParallel` | Concurrent lookup performance |
+
+---
+
+## Running Tests
+
+```bash
+# Run all tests
+go test ./pkg/... -v
+
+# Run with data race detection
+go test ./pkg/... -race
+
+# Run specific package tests
+go test ./pkg/config -v
+go test ./pkg/providers -v
+go test ./pkg/providers/factory -v
+
+# Run E2E tests
+go test ./pkg/providers -run TestE2E -v
+
+# Run performance tests
+go test ./pkg/providers -bench=. -benchmem
+```
+
+---
+
+## PRD Acceptance Criteria Mapping
+
+| PRD Acceptance Criteria | Test Cases |
+|------------------------|------------|
+| US-001: Add ModelConfig struct | `TestModelConfig_Parsing`, `TestModelConfig_Validation` |
+| US-001: model_name unique | `TestConfig_ModelNameUniqueness` |
+| US-002: GetModelConfig method | `TestConfig_GetModelConfig_*` |
+| US-003: Auto-convert providers | `TestConvertProvidersToModelList_*` |
+| US-003: Deprecation warning | `TestConfig_DeprecationWarning` |
+| US-003: Existing tests pass | (existing test files unchanged) |
+| US-004: Protocol prefix factory | `TestExtractProtocol`, `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_*` |
+| US-004: Default prefix openai | `TestCreateProviderFromConfig_OpenAIDefault` |
+| US-005: CreateProvider uses factory | `TestCreateProvider_*` |
+| US-006: Round-robin selection | `TestModelRegistry_RoundRobin*` |
+| US-006: Thread-safe atomic | `TestModelRegistry_RaceDetection` |
+
+---
+
+## Recommended Implementation Order
+
+1. **Phase 1: Configuration Structure** (US-001, US-002)
+   - Implement `ModelConfig` struct
+   - Implement `GetModelConfig` method
+   - Run `model_config_test.go`
+
+2. **Phase 2: Protocol Factory** (US-004)
+   - Implement `CreateProviderFromConfig`
+   - Implement `ExtractProtocol`
+   - Run `factory_test.go`
+
+3. **Phase 3: Load Balancing** (US-006)
+   - Implement `ModelRegistry`
+   - Implement round-robin selection
+   - Run `registry_test.go` (with `-race`)
+
+4. **Phase 4: Backward Compatibility** (US-003, US-005)
+   - Implement `ConvertProvidersToModelList`
+   - Refactor `CreateProvider`
+   - Run `migration_test.go`
+   - Verify existing tests pass
+
+5. **Phase 5: E2E Verification**
+   - Run `integration_test.go`
+   - Manual testing with `config.example.json`
--- a/docs/design/provider-refactoring.md
+++ b/docs/design/provider-refactoring.md
@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+# Provider Architecture Refactoring Design
+
+> Issue: #283
+> Discussion: #122
+> Branch: feat/refactor-provider-by-protocol
+
+## 1. Current Problems
+
+### 1.1 Configuration Structure Issues
+
+**Current State**: Each Provider requires a predefined field in `ProvidersConfig`
+
+```go
+type ProvidersConfig struct {
+    Anthropic     ProviderConfig `json:"anthropic"`
+    OpenAI        ProviderConfig `json:"openai"`
+    DeepSeek      ProviderConfig `json:"deepseek"`
+    Qwen          ProviderConfig `json:"qwen"`
+    Cerebras      ProviderConfig `json:"cerebras"`
+    VolcEngine    ProviderConfig `json:"volcengine"`
+    // ... every new provider requires changes here
+}
+```
+
+**Problems**:
+- Adding a new Provider requires modifying Go code (struct definition)
+- `CreateProvider` function in `http_provider.go` has 200+ lines of switch-case
+- Most Providers are OpenAI-compatible, but code is duplicated
+
+### 1.2 Code Bloat Trend
+
+Recent PRs demonstrate this issue:
+
+| PR | Provider | Code Changes |
+|----|----------|--------------|
+| #365 | Qwen | +17 lines to http_provider.go |
+| #333 | Cerebras | +17 lines to http_provider.go |
+| #368 | Volcengine | +18 lines to http_provider.go |
+
+Each OpenAI-compatible Provider requires:
+1. Modify `config.go` to add configuration field
+2. Modify `http_provider.go` to add switch case
+3. Update documentation
+
+### 1.3 Agent-Provider Coupling
+
+```json
+{
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "deepseek",  // need to know provider name
+      "model": "deepseek-chat"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Problem: Agent needs to know both `provider` and `model`, adding complexity.
+
+---
+
+## 2. New Approach: model_list
+
+### 2.1 Core Principles
+
+Inspired by [LiteLLM](https://docs.litellm.ai/docs/proxy/configs) design:
+
+1. **Model-centric**: Users care about models, not providers
+2. **Protocol prefix**: Use `protocol/model_name` format, e.g., `openai/gpt-5.2`, `anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6`
+3. **Configuration-driven**: Adding new Providers only requires config changes, no code changes
+
+### 2.2 New Configuration Structure
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "deepseek-chat",
+      "model": "openai/deepseek-chat",
+      "api_base": "https://api.deepseek.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt-5.2",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gemini-3-flash",
+      "model": "antigravity/gemini-3-flash",
+      "auth_method": "oauth"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "my-company-llm",
+      "model": "openai/company-model-v1",
+      "api_base": "https://llm.company.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "xxx"
+    }
+  ],
+
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "deepseek-chat",
+      "max_tokens": 8192,
+      "temperature": 0.7
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 2.3 Go Struct Definition
+
+```go
+type Config struct {
+    ModelList []ModelConfig `json:"model_list"`  // new
+    Providers ProvidersConfig `json:"providers"`  // old, deprecated
+
+    Agents   AgentsConfig   `json:"agents"`
+    Channels ChannelsConfig `json:"channels"`
+    // ...
+}
+
+type ModelConfig struct {
+    // Required
+    ModelName string `json:"model_name"`  // user-facing name (alias)
+    Model     string `json:"model"`       // protocol/model, e.g., openai/gpt-5.2
+
+    // Common config
+    APIBase   string `json:"api_base,omitempty"`
+    APIKey    string `json:"api_key,omitempty"`
+    Proxy     string `json:"proxy,omitempty"`
+
+    // Special provider config
+    AuthMethod  string `json:"auth_method,omitempty"`   // oauth, token
+    ConnectMode string `json:"connect_mode,omitempty"`  // stdio, grpc
+
+    // Optional optimizations
+    RPM            int    `json:"rpm,omitempty"`              // rate limit
+    MaxTokensField string `json:"max_tokens_field,omitempty"` // max_tokens or max_completion_tokens
+}
+```
+
+### 2.4 Protocol Recognition
+
+Identify protocol via prefix in `model` field:
+
+| Prefix | Protocol | Description |
+|--------|----------|-------------|
+| `openai/` | OpenAI-compatible | Most common, includes DeepSeek, Qwen, Groq, etc. |
+| `anthropic/` | Anthropic | Claude series specific |
+| `antigravity/` | Antigravity | Google Cloud Code Assist |
+| `gemini/` | Gemini | Google Gemini native API (if needed) |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Design Rationale
+
+### 3.1 Problems Solved
+
+| Problem | Old Approach | New Approach |
+|---------|--------------|--------------|
+| Add OpenAI-compatible Provider | Change 3 code locations | Add one config entry |
+| Agent specifies model | Need provider + model | Only need model |
+| Code duplication | Each Provider duplicates logic | Share protocol implementation |
+| Multi-Agent support | Complex | Naturally compatible |
+
+### 3.2 Multi-Agent Compatibility
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [...],
+
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "deepseek-chat"
+    },
+    "coder": {
+      "model": "gpt-5.2",
+      "system_prompt": "You are a coding assistant..."
+    },
+    "translator": {
+      "model": "claude-sonnet-4.6"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Each Agent only needs to specify `model` (corresponds to `model_name` in `model_list`).
+
+### 3.3 Industry Comparison
+
+**LiteLLM** (most mature open-source LLM Proxy) uses similar design:
+
+```yaml
+model_list:
+  - model_name: gpt-4o
+    litellm_params:
+      model: openai/gpt-5.2
+      api_key: xxx
+  - model_name: my-custom
+    litellm_params:
+      model: openai/custom-model
+      api_base: https://my-api.com/v1
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. Migration Plan
+
+### 4.1 Phase 1: Compatibility Period (v1.x)
+
+Support both `providers` and `model_list`:
+
+```go
+func (c *Config) GetModelConfig(modelName string) (*ModelConfig, error) {
+    // Prefer new config
+    if len(c.ModelList) > 0 {
+        return c.findModelByName(modelName)
+    }
+
+    // Backward compatibility with old config
+    if !c.Providers.IsEmpty() {
+        logger.Warn("'providers' config is deprecated, please migrate to 'model_list'")
+        return c.convertFromProviders(modelName)
+    }
+
+    return nil, fmt.Errorf("model %s not found", modelName)
+}
+```
+
+### 4.2 Phase 2: Warning Period (late v1.x)
+
+- Print more prominent warnings at startup
+- Provide automatic migration script
+- Mark `providers` as deprecated in documentation
+
+### 4.3 Phase 3: Removal Period (v2.0)
+
+- Completely remove `providers` support
+- Remove `agents.defaults.provider` field
+- Only support `model_list`
+
+### 4.4 Configuration Migration Example
+
+**Old Config**:
+```json
+{
+  "providers": {
+    "deepseek": {
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx",
+      "api_base": "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"
+    }
+  },
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "deepseek",
+      "model": "deepseek-chat"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+**New Config**:
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "deepseek-chat",
+      "model": "openai/deepseek-chat",
+      "api_base": "https://api.deepseek.com/v1",
+      "api_key": "sk-xxx"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "deepseek-chat"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Implementation Checklist
+
+### 5.1 Configuration Layer
+
+- [ ] Add `ModelConfig` struct
+- [ ] Add `Config.ModelList` field
+- [ ] Implement `GetModelConfig(modelName)` method
+- [ ] Implement old config compatibility conversion
+- [ ] Add `model_name` uniqueness validation
+
+### 5.2 Provider Layer
+
+- [ ] Create `pkg/providers/factory/` directory
+- [ ] Implement `CreateProviderFromModelConfig()`
+- [ ] Refactor `http_provider.go` to `openai/provider.go`
+- [ ] Maintain backward compatibility for old `CreateProvider()`
+
+### 5.3 Testing
+
+- [ ] New config unit tests
+- [ ] Old config compatibility tests
+- [ ] Integration tests
+
+### 5.4 Documentation
+
+- [ ] Update README
+- [ ] Update config.example.json
+- [ ] Write migration guide
+
+---
+
+## 6. Risks and Mitigations
+
+| Risk | Mitigation |
+|------|------------|
+| Breaking existing configs | Compatibility period keeps old config working |
+| User migration cost | Provide automatic migration script |
+| Special Provider incompatibility | Keep `auth_method` and other extension fields |
+
+---
+
+## 7. References
+
+- [LiteLLM Config Documentation](https://docs.litellm.ai/docs/proxy/configs)
+- [One-API GitHub](https://github.com/songquanpeng/one-api)
+- Discussion #122: Refactor Provider Architecture
--- a/docs/migration/model-list-migration.md
+++ b/docs/migration/model-list-migration.md
@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# Migration Guide: From `providers` to `model_list`
+
+This guide explains how to migrate from the legacy `providers` configuration to the new `model_list` format.
+
+## Why Migrate?
+
+The new `model_list` configuration offers several advantages:
+
+- **Zero-code provider addition**: Add OpenAI-compatible providers with configuration only
+- **Load balancing**: Configure multiple endpoints for the same model
+- **Protocol-based routing**: Use prefixes like `openai/`, `anthropic/`, etc.
+- **Cleaner configuration**: Model-centric instead of vendor-centric
+
+## Timeline
+
+| Version | Status |
+|---------|--------|
+| v1.x | `model_list` introduced, `providers` deprecated but functional |
+| v1.x+1 | Prominent deprecation warnings, migration tool available |
+| v2.0 | `providers` configuration removed |
+
+## Before and After
+
+### Before: Legacy `providers` Configuration
+
+```json
+{
+  "providers": {
+    "openai": {
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key",
+      "api_base": "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+    },
+    "anthropic": {
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key"
+    },
+    "deepseek": {
+      "api_key": "sk-your-deepseek-key"
+    }
+  },
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "provider": "openai",
+      "model": "gpt-5.2"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### After: New `model_list` Configuration
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-openai-key",
+      "api_base": "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+      "api_key": "sk-ant-your-key"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "deepseek",
+      "model": "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+      "api_key": "sk-your-deepseek-key"
+    }
+  ],
+  "agents": {
+    "defaults": {
+      "model": "gpt4"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Protocol Prefixes
+
+The `model` field uses a protocol prefix format: `[protocol/]model-identifier`
+
+| Prefix | Description | Example |
+|--------|-------------|---------|
+| `openai/` | OpenAI API (default) | `openai/gpt-5.2` |
+| `anthropic/` | Anthropic API | `anthropic/claude-opus-4` |
+| `antigravity/` | Google via Antigravity OAuth | `antigravity/gemini-2.0-flash` |
+| `claude-cli/` | Claude CLI (local) | `claude-cli/claude-sonnet-4.6` |
+| `codex-cli/` | Codex CLI (local) | `codex-cli/codex-4` |
+| `github-copilot/` | GitHub Copilot | `github-copilot/gpt-4o` |
+| `openrouter/` | OpenRouter | `openrouter/anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6` |
+| `groq/` | Groq API | `groq/llama-3.1-70b` |
+| `deepseek/` | DeepSeek API | `deepseek/deepseek-chat` |
+| `cerebras/` | Cerebras API | `cerebras/llama-3.3-70b` |
+| `qwen/` | Alibaba Qwen | `qwen/qwen-max` |
+
+**Note**: If no prefix is specified, `openai/` is used as the default.
+
+## ModelConfig Fields
+
+| Field | Required | Description |
+|-------|----------|-------------|
+| `model_name` | Yes | User-facing alias for the model |
+| `model` | Yes | Protocol and model identifier (e.g., `openai/gpt-5.2`) |
+| `api_base` | No | API endpoint URL |
+| `api_key` | No* | API authentication key |
+| `proxy` | No | HTTP proxy URL |
+| `auth_method` | No | Authentication method: `oauth`, `token` |
+| `connect_mode` | No | Connection mode for CLI providers: `stdio`, `grpc` |
+| `rpm` | No | Requests per minute limit |
+| `max_tokens_field` | No | Field name for max tokens |
+
+*`api_key` is required for HTTP-based protocols unless `api_base` points to a local server.
+
+## Load Balancing
+
+Configure multiple endpoints for the same model to distribute load:
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-key1",
+      "api_base": "https://api1.example.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-key2",
+      "api_base": "https://api2.example.com/v1"
+    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "gpt4",
+      "model": "openai/gpt-5.2",
+      "api_key": "sk-key3",
+      "api_base": "https://api3.example.com/v1"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+When you request model `gpt4`, requests will be distributed across all three endpoints using round-robin selection.
+
+## Adding a New OpenAI-Compatible Provider
+
+With `model_list`, adding a new provider requires zero code changes:
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_list": [
+    {
+      "model_name": "my-custom-llm",
+      "model": "openai/my-model-v1",
+      "api_key": "your-api-key",
+      "api_base": "https://api.your-provider.com/v1"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+Just specify `openai/` as the protocol (or omit it for the default), and provide your provider's API base URL.
+
+## Backward Compatibility
+
+During the migration period, your existing `providers` configuration will continue to work:
+
+1. If `model_list` is empty and `providers` has data, the system auto-converts internally
+2. A deprecation warning is logged: `"providers config is deprecated, please migrate to model_list"`
+3. All existing functionality remains unchanged
+
+## Migration Checklist
+
+- [ ] Identify all providers you're currently using
+- [ ] Create `model_list` entries for each provider
+- [ ] Use appropriate protocol prefixes
+- [ ] Update `agents.defaults.model` to reference the new `model_name`
+- [ ] Test that all models work correctly
+- [ ] Remove or comment out the old `providers` section
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Model not found error
+
+```
+model "xxx" not found in model_list or providers
+```
+
+**Solution**: Ensure the `model_name` in `model_list` matches the value in `agents.defaults.model`.
+
+### Unknown protocol error
+
+```
+unknown protocol "xxx" in model "xxx/model-name"
+```
+
+**Solution**: Use a supported protocol prefix. See the [Protocol Prefixes](#protocol-prefixes) table above.
+
+### Missing API key error
+
+```
+api_key or api_base is required for HTTP-based protocol "xxx"
+```
+
+**Solution**: Provide `api_key` and/or `api_base` for HTTP-based providers.
+
+## Need Help?
+
+- [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/issues)
+- [Discussion #122](https://github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/discussions/122): Original proposal
--- a/docs/tools_configuration.md
+++ b/docs/tools_configuration.md
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# Tools Configuration
+
+PicoClaw's tools configuration is located in the `tools` field of `config.json`.
+
+## Directory Structure
+
+```json
+{
+  "tools": {
+    "web": { ... },
+    "exec": { ... },
+    "approval": { ... },
+    "cron": { ... }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Web Tools
+
+Web tools are used for web search and fetching.
+
+### Brave
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `enabled` | bool | false | Enable Brave search |
+| `api_key` | string | - | Brave Search API key |
+| `max_results` | int | 5 | Maximum number of results |
+
+### DuckDuckGo
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `enabled` | bool | true | Enable DuckDuckGo search |
+| `max_results` | int | 5 | Maximum number of results |
+
+### Perplexity
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `enabled` | bool | false | Enable Perplexity search |
+| `api_key` | string | - | Perplexity API key |
+| `max_results` | int | 5 | Maximum number of results |
+
+## Exec Tool
+
+The exec tool is used to execute shell commands.
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `enable_deny_patterns` | bool | true | Enable default dangerous command blocking |
+| `custom_deny_patterns` | array | [] | Custom deny patterns (regular expressions) |
+
+### Functionality
+
+- **`enable_deny_patterns`**: Set to `false` to completely disable the default dangerous command blocking patterns
+- **`custom_deny_patterns`**: Add custom deny regex patterns; commands matching these will be blocked
+
+### Default Blocked Command Patterns
+
+By default, PicoClaw blocks the following dangerous commands:
+
+- Delete commands: `rm -rf`, `del /f/q`, `rmdir /s`
+- Disk operations: `format`, `mkfs`, `diskpart`, `dd if=`, writing to `/dev/sd*`
+- System operations: `shutdown`, `reboot`, `poweroff`
+- Command substitution: `$()`, `${}`, backticks
+- Pipe to shell: `| sh`, `| bash`
+- Privilege escalation: `sudo`, `chmod`, `chown`
+- Process control: `pkill`, `killall`, `kill -9`
+- Remote operations: `curl | sh`, `wget | sh`, `ssh`
+- Package management: `apt`, `yum`, `dnf`, `npm install -g`, `pip install --user`
+- Containers: `docker run`, `docker exec`
+- Git: `git push`, `git force`
+- Other: `eval`, `source *.sh`
+
+### Configuration Example
+
+```json
+{
+  "tools": {
+    "exec": {
+      "enable_deny_patterns": true,
+      "custom_deny_patterns": [
+        "\\brm\\s+-r\\b",
+        "\\bkillall\\s+python"
+      ],
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Approval Tool
+
+The approval tool controls permissions for dangerous operations.
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `enabled` | bool | true | Enable approval functionality |
+| `write_file` | bool | true | Require approval for file writes |
+| `edit_file` | bool | true | Require approval for file edits |
+| `append_file` | bool | true | Require approval for file appends |
+| `exec` | bool | true | Require approval for command execution |
+| `timeout_minutes` | int | 5 | Approval timeout in minutes |
+
+## Cron Tool
+
+The cron tool is used for scheduling periodic tasks.
+
+| Config | Type | Default | Description |
+|--------|------|---------|-------------|
+| `exec_timeout_minutes` | int | 5 | Execution timeout in minutes, 0 means no limit |
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+All configuration options can be overridden via environment variables with the format `PICOCLAW_TOOLS_<SECTION>_<KEY>`:
+
+For example:
+- `PICOCLAW_TOOLS_WEB_BRAVE_ENABLED=true`
+- `PICOCLAW_TOOLS_EXEC_ENABLE_DENY_PATTERNS=false`
+- `PICOCLAW_TOOLS_CRON_EXEC_TIMEOUT_MINUTES=10`
+
+Note: Array-type environment variables are not currently supported and must be set via the config file.
--- a/pkg/agent/context.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/context.go
@ -189,16 +189,7 @@ func (cb *ContextBuilder) BuildMessages(history []providers.Message, summary str
 		systemPrompt += "\n\n## Summary of Previous Conversation\n\n" + summary
 	}

-	//This fix prevents the session memory from LLM failure due to elimination of toolu_IDs required from LLM
-	// --- INICIO DEL FIX ---
-	//Diegox-17
-	for len(history) > 0 && (history[0].Role == "tool") {
-		logger.DebugCF("agent", "Removing orphaned tool message from history to prevent LLM error",
-			map[string]interface{}{"role": history[0].Role})
-		history = history[1:]
-	}
-	//Diegox-17
-	// --- FIN DEL FIX ---
+	history = sanitizeHistoryForProvider(history)

 	messages = append(messages, providers.Message{
 		Role:    "system",
@ -207,14 +198,58 @@ func (cb *ContextBuilder) BuildMessages(history []providers.Message, summary str

 	messages = append(messages, history...)

-	messages = append(messages, providers.Message{
-		Role:    "user",
-		Content: currentMessage,
-	})
+	if strings.TrimSpace(currentMessage) != "" {
+		messages = append(messages, providers.Message{
+			Role:    "user",
+			Content: currentMessage,
+		})
+	}

 	return messages
 }

+func sanitizeHistoryForProvider(history []providers.Message) []providers.Message {
+	if len(history) == 0 {
+		return history
+	}
+
+	sanitized := make([]providers.Message, 0, len(history))
+	for _, msg := range history {
+		switch msg.Role {
+		case "tool":
+			if len(sanitized) == 0 {
+				logger.DebugCF("agent", "Dropping orphaned leading tool message", map[string]interface{}{})
+				continue
+			}
+			last := sanitized[len(sanitized)-1]
+			if last.Role != "assistant" || len(last.ToolCalls) == 0 {
+				logger.DebugCF("agent", "Dropping orphaned tool message", map[string]interface{}{})
+				continue
+			}
+			sanitized = append(sanitized, msg)
+
+		case "assistant":
+			if len(msg.ToolCalls) > 0 {
+				if len(sanitized) == 0 {
+					logger.DebugCF("agent", "Dropping assistant tool-call turn at history start", map[string]interface{}{})
+					continue
+				}
+				prev := sanitized[len(sanitized)-1]
+				if prev.Role != "user" && prev.Role != "tool" {
+					logger.DebugCF("agent", "Dropping assistant tool-call turn with invalid predecessor", map[string]interface{}{"prev_role": prev.Role})
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			sanitized = append(sanitized, msg)
+
+		default:
+			sanitized = append(sanitized, msg)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sanitized
+}
+
 func (cb *ContextBuilder) AddToolResult(messages []providers.Message, toolCallID, toolName, result string) []providers.Message {
 	messages = append(messages, providers.Message{
 		Role:       "tool",
--- a/pkg/agent/instance.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/instance.go
@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/routing"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/session"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
+)
+
+// AgentInstance represents a fully configured agent with its own workspace,
+// session manager, context builder, and tool registry.
+type AgentInstance struct {
+	ID             string
+	Name           string
+	Model          string
+	Fallbacks      []string
+	Workspace      string
+	MaxIterations  int
+	MaxTokens      int
+	Temperature    float64
+	ContextWindow  int
+	Provider       providers.LLMProvider
+	Sessions       *session.SessionManager
+	ContextBuilder *ContextBuilder
+	Tools          *tools.ToolRegistry
+	Subagents      *config.SubagentsConfig
+	SkillsFilter   []string
+	Candidates     []providers.FallbackCandidate
+}
+
+// NewAgentInstance creates an agent instance from config.
+func NewAgentInstance(
+	agentCfg *config.AgentConfig,
+	defaults *config.AgentDefaults,
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	provider providers.LLMProvider,
+) *AgentInstance {
+	workspace := resolveAgentWorkspace(agentCfg, defaults)
+	os.MkdirAll(workspace, 0755)
+
+	model := resolveAgentModel(agentCfg, defaults)
+	fallbacks := resolveAgentFallbacks(agentCfg, defaults)
+
+	restrict := defaults.RestrictToWorkspace
+	toolsRegistry := tools.NewToolRegistry()
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewReadFileTool(workspace, restrict))
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewWriteFileTool(workspace, restrict))
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewListDirTool(workspace, restrict))
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewExecToolWithConfig(workspace, restrict, cfg))
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewEditFileTool(workspace, restrict))
+	toolsRegistry.Register(tools.NewAppendFileTool(workspace, restrict))
+
+	sessionsDir := filepath.Join(workspace, "sessions")
+	sessionsManager := session.NewSessionManager(sessionsDir)
+
+	contextBuilder := NewContextBuilder(workspace)
+	contextBuilder.SetToolsRegistry(toolsRegistry)
+
+	agentID := routing.DefaultAgentID
+	agentName := ""
+	var subagents *config.SubagentsConfig
+	var skillsFilter []string
+
+	if agentCfg != nil {
+		agentID = routing.NormalizeAgentID(agentCfg.ID)
+		agentName = agentCfg.Name
+		subagents = agentCfg.Subagents
+		skillsFilter = agentCfg.Skills
+	}
+
+	maxIter := defaults.MaxToolIterations
+	if maxIter == 0 {
+		maxIter = 20
+	}
+
+	maxTokens := defaults.MaxTokens
+	if maxTokens == 0 {
+		maxTokens = 8192
+	}
+
+	temperature := 0.7
+	if defaults.Temperature != nil {
+		temperature = *defaults.Temperature
+	}
+
+	// Resolve fallback candidates
+	modelCfg := providers.ModelConfig{
+		Primary:   model,
+		Fallbacks: fallbacks,
+	}
+	candidates := providers.ResolveCandidates(modelCfg, defaults.Provider)
+
+	return &AgentInstance{
+		ID:             agentID,
+		Name:           agentName,
+		Model:          model,
+		Fallbacks:      fallbacks,
+		Workspace:      workspace,
+		MaxIterations:  maxIter,
+		MaxTokens:      maxTokens,
+		Temperature:    temperature,
+		ContextWindow:  maxTokens,
+		Provider:       provider,
+		Sessions:       sessionsManager,
+		ContextBuilder: contextBuilder,
+		Tools:          toolsRegistry,
+		Subagents:      subagents,
+		SkillsFilter:   skillsFilter,
+		Candidates:     candidates,
+	}
+}
+
+// resolveAgentWorkspace determines the workspace directory for an agent.
+func resolveAgentWorkspace(agentCfg *config.AgentConfig, defaults *config.AgentDefaults) string {
+	if agentCfg != nil && strings.TrimSpace(agentCfg.Workspace) != "" {
+		return expandHome(strings.TrimSpace(agentCfg.Workspace))
+	}
+	if agentCfg == nil || agentCfg.Default || agentCfg.ID == "" || routing.NormalizeAgentID(agentCfg.ID) == "main" {
+		return expandHome(defaults.Workspace)
+	}
+	home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
+	id := routing.NormalizeAgentID(agentCfg.ID)
+	return filepath.Join(home, ".picoclaw", "workspace-"+id)
+}
+
+// resolveAgentModel resolves the primary model for an agent.
+func resolveAgentModel(agentCfg *config.AgentConfig, defaults *config.AgentDefaults) string {
+	if agentCfg != nil && agentCfg.Model != nil && strings.TrimSpace(agentCfg.Model.Primary) != "" {
+		return strings.TrimSpace(agentCfg.Model.Primary)
+	}
+	return defaults.Model
+}
+
+// resolveAgentFallbacks resolves the fallback models for an agent.
+func resolveAgentFallbacks(agentCfg *config.AgentConfig, defaults *config.AgentDefaults) []string {
+	if agentCfg != nil && agentCfg.Model != nil && agentCfg.Model.Fallbacks != nil {
+		return agentCfg.Model.Fallbacks
+	}
+	return defaults.ModelFallbacks
+}
+
+func expandHome(path string) string {
+	if path == "" {
+		return path
+	}
+	if path[0] == '~' {
+		home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
+		if len(path) > 1 && path[1] == '/' {
+			return home + path[1:]
+		}
+		return home
+	}
+	return path
+}
--- a/pkg/agent/instance_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/instance_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func TestNewAgentInstance_UsesDefaultsTemperatureAndMaxTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "agent-instance-test-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create temp dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Agents: config.AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: config.AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace:         tmpDir,
+				Model:             "test-model",
+				MaxTokens:         1234,
+				MaxToolIterations: 5,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	configuredTemp := 1.0
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature = &configuredTemp
+
+	provider := &mockProvider{}
+	agent := NewAgentInstance(nil, &cfg.Agents.Defaults, cfg, provider)
+
+	if agent.MaxTokens != 1234 {
+		t.Fatalf("MaxTokens = %d, want %d", agent.MaxTokens, 1234)
+	}
+	if agent.Temperature != 1.0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Temperature = %f, want %f", agent.Temperature, 1.0)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAgentInstance_DefaultsTemperatureWhenZero(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "agent-instance-test-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create temp dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Agents: config.AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: config.AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace:         tmpDir,
+				Model:             "test-model",
+				MaxTokens:         1234,
+				MaxToolIterations: 5,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	configuredTemp := 0.0
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature = &configuredTemp
+
+	provider := &mockProvider{}
+	agent := NewAgentInstance(nil, &cfg.Agents.Defaults, cfg, provider)
+
+	if agent.Temperature != 0.0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Temperature = %f, want %f", agent.Temperature, 0.0)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAgentInstance_DefaultsTemperatureWhenUnset(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "agent-instance-test-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create temp dir: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Agents: config.AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: config.AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace:         tmpDir,
+				Model:             "test-model",
+				MaxTokens:         1234,
+				MaxToolIterations: 5,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	provider := &mockProvider{}
+	agent := NewAgentInstance(nil, &cfg.Agents.Defaults, cfg, provider)
+
+	if agent.Temperature != 0.7 {
+		t.Fatalf("Temperature = %f, want %f", agent.Temperature, 0.7)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/agent/loop.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/loop.go
--- a/pkg/agent/loop_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/loop_test.go
@ -14,20 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
 )

-// mockProvider is a simple mock LLM provider for testing
-type mockProvider struct{}
-
-func (m *mockProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []providers.Message, tools []providers.ToolDefinition, model string, opts map[string]interface{}) (*providers.LLMResponse, error) {
-	return &providers.LLMResponse{
-		Content:   "Mock response",
-		ToolCalls: []providers.ToolCall{},
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (m *mockProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
-	return "mock-model"
-}
-
 func TestRecordLastChannel(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create temp workspace
 	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "agent-test-*")
@ -594,12 +580,15 @@ func TestAgentLoop_ContextExhaustionRetry(t *testing.T) {
 		{Role: "assistant", Content: "Old response 2"},
 		{Role: "user", Content: "Trigger message"},
 	}
-	al.sessions.SetHistory(sessionKey, history)
+	defaultAgent := al.registry.GetDefaultAgent()
+	if defaultAgent == nil {
+		t.Fatal("No default agent found")
+	}
+	defaultAgent.Sessions.SetHistory(sessionKey, history)

 	// Call ProcessDirectWithChannel
 	// Note: ProcessDirectWithChannel calls processMessage which will execute runLLMIteration
 	response, err := al.ProcessDirectWithChannel(context.Background(), "Trigger message", sessionKey, "test", "test-chat")
-
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Expected success after retry, got error: %v", err)
 	}
@ -614,7 +603,7 @@ func TestAgentLoop_ContextExhaustionRetry(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// Check final history length
-	finalHistory := al.sessions.GetHistory(sessionKey)
+	finalHistory := defaultAgent.Sessions.GetHistory(sessionKey)
 	// We verify that the history has been modified (compressed)
 	// Original length: 6
 	// Expected behavior: compression drops ~50% of history (mid slice)
--- a/pkg/agent/mock_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/mock_provider_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+)
+
+type mockProvider struct{}
+
+func (m *mockProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []providers.Message, tools []providers.ToolDefinition, model string, opts map[string]interface{}) (*providers.LLMResponse, error) {
+	return &providers.LLMResponse{
+		Content:   "Mock response",
+		ToolCalls: []providers.ToolCall{},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
+	return "mock-model"
+}
--- a/pkg/agent/registry.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/registry.go
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/routing"
+)
+
+// AgentRegistry manages multiple agent instances and routes messages to them.
+type AgentRegistry struct {
+	agents   map[string]*AgentInstance
+	resolver *routing.RouteResolver
+	mu       sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewAgentRegistry creates a registry from config, instantiating all agents.
+func NewAgentRegistry(
+	cfg *config.Config,
+	provider providers.LLMProvider,
+) *AgentRegistry {
+	registry := &AgentRegistry{
+		agents:   make(map[string]*AgentInstance),
+		resolver: routing.NewRouteResolver(cfg),
+	}
+
+	agentConfigs := cfg.Agents.List
+	if len(agentConfigs) == 0 {
+		implicitAgent := &config.AgentConfig{
+			ID:      "main",
+			Default: true,
+		}
+		instance := NewAgentInstance(implicitAgent, &cfg.Agents.Defaults, cfg, provider)
+		registry.agents["main"] = instance
+		logger.InfoCF("agent", "Created implicit main agent (no agents.list configured)", nil)
+	} else {
+		for i := range agentConfigs {
+			ac := &agentConfigs[i]
+			id := routing.NormalizeAgentID(ac.ID)
+			instance := NewAgentInstance(ac, &cfg.Agents.Defaults, cfg, provider)
+			registry.agents[id] = instance
+			logger.InfoCF("agent", "Registered agent",
+				map[string]interface{}{
+					"agent_id":  id,
+					"name":      ac.Name,
+					"workspace": instance.Workspace,
+					"model":     instance.Model,
+				})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return registry
+}
+
+// GetAgent returns the agent instance for a given ID.
+func (r *AgentRegistry) GetAgent(agentID string) (*AgentInstance, bool) {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	id := routing.NormalizeAgentID(agentID)
+	agent, ok := r.agents[id]
+	return agent, ok
+}
+
+// ResolveRoute determines which agent handles the message.
+func (r *AgentRegistry) ResolveRoute(input routing.RouteInput) routing.ResolvedRoute {
+	return r.resolver.ResolveRoute(input)
+}
+
+// ListAgentIDs returns all registered agent IDs.
+func (r *AgentRegistry) ListAgentIDs() []string {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	ids := make([]string, 0, len(r.agents))
+	for id := range r.agents {
+		ids = append(ids, id)
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// CanSpawnSubagent checks if parentAgentID is allowed to spawn targetAgentID.
+func (r *AgentRegistry) CanSpawnSubagent(parentAgentID, targetAgentID string) bool {
+	parent, ok := r.GetAgent(parentAgentID)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	if parent.Subagents == nil || parent.Subagents.AllowAgents == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	targetNorm := routing.NormalizeAgentID(targetAgentID)
+	for _, allowed := range parent.Subagents.AllowAgents {
+		if allowed == "*" {
+			return true
+		}
+		if routing.NormalizeAgentID(allowed) == targetNorm {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// GetDefaultAgent returns the default agent instance.
+func (r *AgentRegistry) GetDefaultAgent() *AgentInstance {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	if agent, ok := r.agents["main"]; ok {
+		return agent
+	}
+	for _, agent := range r.agents {
+		return agent
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pkg/agent/registry_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/registry_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
+)
+
+type mockRegistryProvider struct{}
+
+func (m *mockRegistryProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []providers.Message, tools []providers.ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*providers.LLMResponse, error) {
+	return &providers.LLMResponse{Content: "mock", FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockRegistryProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
+	return "mock-model"
+}
+
+func testCfg(agents []config.AgentConfig) *config.Config {
+	return &config.Config{
+		Agents: config.AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: config.AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace:         "/tmp/picoclaw-test-registry",
+				Model:             "gpt-4",
+				MaxTokens:         8192,
+				MaxToolIterations: 10,
+			},
+			List: agents,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAgentRegistry_ImplicitMain(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg(nil)
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	ids := registry.ListAgentIDs()
+	if len(ids) != 1 || ids[0] != "main" {
+		t.Errorf("expected implicit main agent, got %v", ids)
+	}
+
+	agent, ok := registry.GetAgent("main")
+	if !ok || agent == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected to find 'main' agent")
+	}
+	if agent.ID != "main" {
+		t.Errorf("agent.ID = %q, want 'main'", agent.ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAgentRegistry_ExplicitAgents(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "sales", Default: true, Name: "Sales Bot"},
+		{ID: "support", Name: "Support Bot"},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	ids := registry.ListAgentIDs()
+	if len(ids) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 agents, got %d: %v", len(ids), ids)
+	}
+
+	sales, ok := registry.GetAgent("sales")
+	if !ok || sales == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected to find 'sales' agent")
+	}
+	if sales.Name != "Sales Bot" {
+		t.Errorf("sales.Name = %q, want 'Sales Bot'", sales.Name)
+	}
+
+	support, ok := registry.GetAgent("support")
+	if !ok || support == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected to find 'support' agent")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentRegistry_GetAgent_Normalize(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "my-agent", Default: true},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	agent, ok := registry.GetAgent("My-Agent")
+	if !ok || agent == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected to find agent with normalized ID")
+	}
+	if agent.ID != "my-agent" {
+		t.Errorf("agent.ID = %q, want 'my-agent'", agent.ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentRegistry_GetDefaultAgent(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "alpha"},
+		{ID: "beta", Default: true},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	// GetDefaultAgent first checks for "main", then returns any
+	agent := registry.GetDefaultAgent()
+	if agent == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected a default agent")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentRegistry_CanSpawnSubagent(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{
+			ID:      "parent",
+			Default: true,
+			Subagents: &config.SubagentsConfig{
+				AllowAgents: []string{"child1", "child2"},
+			},
+		},
+		{ID: "child1"},
+		{ID: "child2"},
+		{ID: "restricted"},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	if !registry.CanSpawnSubagent("parent", "child1") {
+		t.Error("expected parent to be allowed to spawn child1")
+	}
+	if !registry.CanSpawnSubagent("parent", "child2") {
+		t.Error("expected parent to be allowed to spawn child2")
+	}
+	if registry.CanSpawnSubagent("parent", "restricted") {
+		t.Error("expected parent to NOT be allowed to spawn restricted")
+	}
+	if registry.CanSpawnSubagent("child1", "child2") {
+		t.Error("expected child1 to NOT be allowed to spawn (no subagents config)")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentRegistry_CanSpawnSubagent_Wildcard(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{
+			ID:      "admin",
+			Default: true,
+			Subagents: &config.SubagentsConfig{
+				AllowAgents: []string{"*"},
+			},
+		},
+		{ID: "any-agent"},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	if !registry.CanSpawnSubagent("admin", "any-agent") {
+		t.Error("expected wildcard to allow spawning any agent")
+	}
+	if !registry.CanSpawnSubagent("admin", "nonexistent") {
+		t.Error("expected wildcard to allow spawning even nonexistent agents")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentInstance_Model(t *testing.T) {
+	model := &config.AgentModelConfig{Primary: "claude-opus"}
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "custom", Default: true, Model: model},
+	})
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	agent, _ := registry.GetAgent("custom")
+	if agent.Model != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("agent.Model = %q, want 'claude-opus'", agent.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentInstance_FallbackInheritance(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "inherit", Default: true},
+	})
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.ModelFallbacks = []string{"openai/gpt-4o-mini", "anthropic/haiku"}
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	agent, _ := registry.GetAgent("inherit")
+	if len(agent.Fallbacks) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 fallbacks inherited from defaults, got %d", len(agent.Fallbacks))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentInstance_FallbackExplicitEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	model := &config.AgentModelConfig{
+		Primary:   "gpt-4",
+		Fallbacks: []string{}, // explicitly empty = disable
+	}
+	cfg := testCfg([]config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "no-fallback", Default: true, Model: model},
+	})
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.ModelFallbacks = []string{"should-not-inherit"}
+	registry := NewAgentRegistry(cfg, &mockRegistryProvider{})
+
+	agent, _ := registry.GetAgent("no-fallback")
+	if len(agent.Fallbacks) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 0 fallbacks (explicit empty), got %d: %v", len(agent.Fallbacks), agent.Fallbacks)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/auth/oauth.go
+++ b/pkg/auth/oauth.go
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package auth

 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/base64"
@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
@ -19,11 +21,13 @@ import (
 )

 type OAuthProviderConfig struct {
-	Issuer     string
-	ClientID   string
-	Scopes     string
-	Originator string
-	Port       int
+	Issuer       string
+	ClientID     string
+	ClientSecret string // Required for Google OAuth (confidential client)
+	TokenURL     string // Override token endpoint (Google uses a different URL than issuer)
+	Scopes       string
+	Originator   string
+	Port         int
 }

 func OpenAIOAuthConfig() OAuthProviderConfig {
@ -36,6 +40,30 @@ func OpenAIOAuthConfig() OAuthProviderConfig {
 	}
 }

+// GoogleAntigravityOAuthConfig returns the OAuth configuration for Google Cloud Code Assist (Antigravity).
+// Client credentials are the same ones used by OpenCode/pi-ai for Cloud Code Assist access.
+func GoogleAntigravityOAuthConfig() OAuthProviderConfig {
+	// These are the same client credentials used by the OpenCode antigravity plugin.
+	clientID := decodeBase64("MTA3MTAwNjA2MDU5MS10bWhzc2luMmgyMWxjcmUyMzV2dG9sb2poNGc0MDNlcC5hcHBzLmdvb2dsZXVzZXJjb250ZW50LmNvbQ==")
+	clientSecret := decodeBase64("R09DU1BYLUs1OEZXUjQ4NkxkTEoxbUxCOHNYQzR6NnFEQWY=")
+	return OAuthProviderConfig{
+		Issuer:       "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2",
+		TokenURL:     "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token",
+		ClientID:     clientID,
+		ClientSecret: clientSecret,
+		Scopes:       "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cclog https://www.googleapis.com/auth/experimentsandconfigs",
+		Port:         51121,
+	}
+}
+
+func decodeBase64(s string) string {
+	data, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s
+	}
+	return string(data)
+}
+
 func generateState() (string, error) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 32)
 	if _, err := rand.Read(buf); err != nil {
@ -101,8 +129,17 @@ func LoginBrowser(cfg OAuthProviderConfig) (*AuthCredential, error) {
 		fmt.Printf("Could not open browser automatically.\nPlease open this URL manually:\n\n%s\n\n", authURL)
 	}

-	fmt.Println("If you're running in a headless environment, use: picoclaw auth login --provider openai --device-code")
-	fmt.Println("Waiting for authentication in browser...")
+	fmt.Printf("Wait! If you are in a headless environment (like Coolify/VPS) and cannot reach localhost:%d,\n", cfg.Port)
+	fmt.Println("please complete the login in your local browser and then PASTE the final redirect URL (or just the code) here.")
+	fmt.Println("Waiting for authentication (browser or manual paste)...")
+
+	// Start manual input in a goroutine
+	manualCh := make(chan string)
+	go func() {
+		reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
+		input, _ := reader.ReadString('\n')
+		manualCh <- strings.TrimSpace(input)
+	}()

 	select {
 	case result := <-resultCh:
@ -110,6 +147,22 @@ func LoginBrowser(cfg OAuthProviderConfig) (*AuthCredential, error) {
 			return nil, result.err
 		}
 		return exchangeCodeForTokens(cfg, result.code, pkce.CodeVerifier, redirectURI)
+	case manualInput := <-manualCh:
+		if manualInput == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("manual input cancelled")
+		}
+		// Extract code from URL if it's a full URL
+		code := manualInput
+		if strings.Contains(manualInput, "?") {
+			u, err := url.Parse(manualInput)
+			if err == nil {
+				code = u.Query().Get("code")
+			}
+		}
+		if code == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find authorization code in input")
+		}
+		return exchangeCodeForTokens(cfg, code, pkce.CodeVerifier, redirectURI)
 	case <-time.After(5 * time.Minute):
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("authentication timed out after 5 minutes")
 	}
@ -269,8 +322,16 @@ func RefreshAccessToken(cred *AuthCredential, cfg OAuthProviderConfig) (*AuthCre
 		"refresh_token": {cred.RefreshToken},
 		"scope":         {"openid profile email"},
 	}
+	if cfg.ClientSecret != "" {
+		data.Set("client_secret", cfg.ClientSecret)
+	}

-	resp, err := http.PostForm(cfg.Issuer+"/oauth/token", data)
+	tokenURL := cfg.Issuer + "/oauth/token"
+	if cfg.TokenURL != "" {
+		tokenURL = cfg.TokenURL
+	}
+
+	resp, err := http.PostForm(tokenURL, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("refreshing token: %w", err)
 	}
@ -291,6 +352,12 @@ func RefreshAccessToken(cred *AuthCredential, cfg OAuthProviderConfig) (*AuthCre
 	if refreshed.AccountID == "" {
 		refreshed.AccountID = cred.AccountID
 	}
+	if cred.Email != "" && refreshed.Email == "" {
+		refreshed.Email = cred.Email
+	}
+	if cred.ProjectID != "" && refreshed.ProjectID == "" {
+		refreshed.ProjectID = cred.ProjectID
+	}
 	return refreshed, nil
 }

@ -300,21 +367,35 @@ func BuildAuthorizeURL(cfg OAuthProviderConfig, pkce PKCECodes, state, redirectU

 func buildAuthorizeURL(cfg OAuthProviderConfig, pkce PKCECodes, state, redirectURI string) string {
 	params := url.Values{
-		"response_type":              {"code"},
-		"client_id":                  {cfg.ClientID},
-		"redirect_uri":               {redirectURI},
-		"scope":                      {cfg.Scopes},
-		"code_challenge":             {pkce.CodeChallenge},
-		"code_challenge_method":      {"S256"},
-		"id_token_add_organizations": {"true"},
-		"codex_cli_simplified_flow":  {"true"},
-		"state":                      {state},
+		"response_type":         {"code"},
+		"client_id":             {cfg.ClientID},
+		"redirect_uri":          {redirectURI},
+		"scope":                 {cfg.Scopes},
+		"code_challenge":        {pkce.CodeChallenge},
+		"code_challenge_method": {"S256"},
+		"state":                 {state},
 	}
-	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(cfg.Issuer), "auth.openai.com") {
-		params.Set("originator", "picoclaw")
+
+	isGoogle := strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(cfg.Issuer), "accounts.google.com")
+	if isGoogle {
+		// Google OAuth requires these for refresh token support
+		params.Set("access_type", "offline")
+		params.Set("prompt", "consent")
+	} else {
+		// OpenAI-specific parameters
+		params.Set("id_token_add_organizations", "true")
+		params.Set("codex_cli_simplified_flow", "true")
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(cfg.Issuer), "auth.openai.com") {
+			params.Set("originator", "picoclaw")
+		}
+		if cfg.Originator != "" {
+			params.Set("originator", cfg.Originator)
+		}
 	}
-	if cfg.Originator != "" {
-		params.Set("originator", cfg.Originator)
+
+	// Google uses /auth path, OpenAI uses /oauth/authorize
+	if isGoogle {
+		return cfg.Issuer + "/auth?" + params.Encode()
 	}
 	return cfg.Issuer + "/oauth/authorize?" + params.Encode()
 }
@ -327,8 +408,22 @@ func exchangeCodeForTokens(cfg OAuthProviderConfig, code, codeVerifier, redirect
 		"client_id":     {cfg.ClientID},
 		"code_verifier": {codeVerifier},
 	}
+	if cfg.ClientSecret != "" {
+		data.Set("client_secret", cfg.ClientSecret)
+	}

-	resp, err := http.PostForm(cfg.Issuer+"/oauth/token", data)
+	tokenURL := cfg.Issuer + "/oauth/token"
+	if cfg.TokenURL != "" {
+		tokenURL = cfg.TokenURL
+	}
+
+	// Determine provider name from config
+	provider := "openai"
+	if cfg.TokenURL != "" && strings.Contains(cfg.TokenURL, "googleapis.com") {
+		provider = "google-antigravity"
+	}
+
+	resp, err := http.PostForm(tokenURL, data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("exchanging code for tokens: %w", err)
 	}
@ -339,7 +434,7 @@ func exchangeCodeForTokens(cfg OAuthProviderConfig, code, codeVerifier, redirect
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("token exchange failed: %s", string(body))
 	}

-	return parseTokenResponse(body, "openai")
+	return parseTokenResponse(body, provider)
 }

 func parseTokenResponse(body []byte, provider string) (*AuthCredential, error) {
--- a/pkg/auth/store.go
+++ b/pkg/auth/store.go
@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ type AuthCredential struct {
 	ExpiresAt    time.Time `json:"expires_at,omitempty"`
 	Provider     string    `json:"provider"`
 	AuthMethod   string    `json:"auth_method"`
+	Email        string    `json:"email,omitempty"`
+	ProjectID    string    `json:"project_id,omitempty"`
 }

 type AuthStore struct {
--- a/pkg/channels/base.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/base.go
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package channels

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/bus"
@ -87,17 +86,13 @@ func (c *BaseChannel) HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content string, media []st
 		return
 	}

-	// Build session key: channel:chatID
-	sessionKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", c.name, chatID)
-
 	msg := bus.InboundMessage{
-		Channel:    c.name,
-		SenderID:   senderID,
-		ChatID:     chatID,
-		Content:    content,
-		Media:      media,
-		SessionKey: sessionKey,
-		Metadata:   metadata,
+		Channel:  c.name,
+		SenderID: senderID,
+		ChatID:   chatID,
+		Content:  content,
+		Media:    media,
+		Metadata: metadata,
 	}

 	c.bus.PublishInbound(msg)
--- a/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/dingtalk.go
@ -155,6 +155,14 @@ func (c *DingTalkChannel) onChatBotMessageReceived(ctx context.Context, data *ch
 		"session_webhook":   data.SessionWebhook,
 	}

+	if data.ConversationType == "1" {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "direct"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = senderID
+	} else {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "group"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = data.ConversationId
+	}
+
 	logger.DebugCF("dingtalk", "Received message", map[string]interface{}{
 		"sender_nick": senderNick,
 		"sender_id":   senderID,
--- a/pkg/channels/discord.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/discord.go
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/bwmarrin/discordgo"
@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ type DiscordChannel struct {
 	config      config.DiscordConfig
 	transcriber *voice.GroqTranscriber
 	ctx         context.Context
+	typingMu    sync.Mutex
+	typingStop  map[string]chan struct{} // chatID → stop signal
+	botUserID   string                   // stored for mention checking
 }

 func NewDiscordChannel(cfg config.DiscordConfig, bus *bus.MessageBus) (*DiscordChannel, error) {
@ -42,6 +46,7 @@ func NewDiscordChannel(cfg config.DiscordConfig, bus *bus.MessageBus) (*DiscordC
 		config:      cfg,
 		transcriber: nil,
 		ctx:         context.Background(),
+		typingStop:  make(map[string]chan struct{}),
 	}, nil
 }

@ -60,6 +65,14 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 	logger.InfoC("discord", "Starting Discord bot")

 	c.ctx = ctx
+
+	// Get bot user ID before opening session to avoid race condition
+	botUser, err := c.session.User("@me")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get bot user: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.botUserID = botUser.ID
+
 	c.session.AddHandler(c.handleMessage)

 	if err := c.session.Open(); err != nil {
@ -68,10 +81,6 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {

 	c.setRunning(true)

-	botUser, err := c.session.User("@me")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get bot user: %w", err)
-	}
 	logger.InfoCF("discord", "Discord bot connected", map[string]any{
 		"username": botUser.Username,
 		"user_id":  botUser.ID,
@ -84,6 +93,14 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 	logger.InfoC("discord", "Stopping Discord bot")
 	c.setRunning(false)

+	// Stop all typing goroutines before closing session
+	c.typingMu.Lock()
+	for chatID, stop := range c.typingStop {
+		close(stop)
+		delete(c.typingStop, chatID)
+	}
+	c.typingMu.Unlock()
+
 	if err := c.session.Close(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close discord session: %w", err)
 	}
@ -92,6 +109,8 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 }

 func (c *DiscordChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error {
+	c.stopTyping(msg.ChatID)
+
 	if !c.IsRunning() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("discord bot not running")
 	}
@ -106,7 +125,7 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) erro
 		return nil
 	}

-	chunks := splitMessage(msg.Content, 1500) // Discord has a limit of 2000 characters per message, leave 500 for natural split e.g. code blocks
+	chunks := utils.SplitMessage(msg.Content, 2000) // Split messages into chunks, Discord length limit: 2000 chars

 	for _, chunk := range chunks {
 		if err := c.sendChunk(ctx, channelID, chunk); err != nil {
@ -117,134 +136,8 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) erro
 	return nil
 }

-// splitMessage splits long messages into chunks, preserving code block integrity
-// Uses natural boundaries (newlines, spaces) and extends messages slightly to avoid breaking code blocks
-func splitMessage(content string, limit int) []string {
-	var messages []string
-
-	for len(content) > 0 {
-		if len(content) <= limit {
-			messages = append(messages, content)
-			break
-		}
-
-		msgEnd := limit
-
-		// Find natural split point within the limit
-		msgEnd = findLastNewline(content[:limit], 200)
-		if msgEnd <= 0 {
-			msgEnd = findLastSpace(content[:limit], 100)
-		}
-		if msgEnd <= 0 {
-			msgEnd = limit
-		}
-
-		// Check if this would end with an incomplete code block
-		candidate := content[:msgEnd]
-		unclosedIdx := findLastUnclosedCodeBlock(candidate)
-
-		if unclosedIdx >= 0 {
-			// Message would end with incomplete code block
-			// Try to extend to include the closing ``` (with some buffer)
-			extendedLimit := limit + 500 // Allow 500 char buffer for code blocks
-			if len(content) > extendedLimit {
-				closingIdx := findNextClosingCodeBlock(content, msgEnd)
-				if closingIdx > 0 && closingIdx <= extendedLimit {
-					// Extend to include the closing ```
-					msgEnd = closingIdx
-				} else {
-					// Can't find closing, split before the code block
-					msgEnd = findLastNewline(content[:unclosedIdx], 200)
-					if msgEnd <= 0 {
-						msgEnd = findLastSpace(content[:unclosedIdx], 100)
-					}
-					if msgEnd <= 0 {
-						msgEnd = unclosedIdx
-					}
-				}
-			} else {
-				// Remaining content fits within extended limit
-				msgEnd = len(content)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if msgEnd <= 0 {
-			msgEnd = limit
-		}
-
-		messages = append(messages, content[:msgEnd])
-		content = strings.TrimSpace(content[msgEnd:])
-	}
-
-	return messages
-}
-
-// findLastUnclosedCodeBlock finds the last opening ``` that doesn't have a closing ```
-// Returns the position of the opening ``` or -1 if all code blocks are complete
-func findLastUnclosedCodeBlock(text string) int {
-	count := 0
-	lastOpenIdx := -1
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(text); i++ {
-		if i+2 < len(text) && text[i] == '`' && text[i+1] == '`' && text[i+2] == '`' {
-			if count == 0 {
-				lastOpenIdx = i
-			}
-			count++
-			i += 2
-		}
-	}
-
-	// If odd number of ``` markers, last one is unclosed
-	if count%2 == 1 {
-		return lastOpenIdx
-	}
-	return -1
-}
-
-// findNextClosingCodeBlock finds the next closing ``` starting from a position
-// Returns the position after the closing ``` or -1 if not found
-func findNextClosingCodeBlock(text string, startIdx int) int {
-	for i := startIdx; i < len(text); i++ {
-		if i+2 < len(text) && text[i] == '`' && text[i+1] == '`' && text[i+2] == '`' {
-			return i + 3
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
-}
-
-// findLastNewline finds the last newline character within the last N characters
-// Returns the position of the newline or -1 if not found
-func findLastNewline(s string, searchWindow int) int {
-	searchStart := len(s) - searchWindow
-	if searchStart < 0 {
-		searchStart = 0
-	}
-	for i := len(s) - 1; i >= searchStart; i-- {
-		if s[i] == '\n' {
-			return i
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
-}
-
-// findLastSpace finds the last space character within the last N characters
-// Returns the position of the space or -1 if not found
-func findLastSpace(s string, searchWindow int) int {
-	searchStart := len(s) - searchWindow
-	if searchStart < 0 {
-		searchStart = 0
-	}
-	for i := len(s) - 1; i >= searchStart; i-- {
-		if s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t' {
-			return i
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
-}
-
 func (c *DiscordChannel) sendChunk(ctx context.Context, channelID, content string) error {
-	// 使用传入的 ctx 进行超时控制
+	// Use the passed ctx for timeout control
 	sendCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, sendTimeout)
 	defer cancel()

@ -265,7 +158,7 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) sendChunk(ctx context.Context, channelID, content strin
 	}
 }

-// appendContent 安全地追加内容到现有文本
+// appendContent safely appends content to existing text
 func appendContent(content, suffix string) string {
 	if content == "" {
 		return suffix
@ -282,13 +175,7 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 		return
 	}

-	if err := c.session.ChannelTyping(m.ChannelID); err != nil {
-		logger.ErrorCF("discord", "Failed to send typing indicator", map[string]any{
-			"error": err.Error(),
-		})
-	}
-
-	// 检查白名单，避免为被拒绝的用户下载附件和转录
+	// Check allowlist first to avoid downloading attachments and transcribing for rejected users
 	if !c.IsAllowed(m.Author.ID) {
 		logger.DebugCF("discord", "Message rejected by allowlist", map[string]any{
 			"user_id": m.Author.ID,
@ -296,6 +183,24 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 		return
 	}

+	// If configured to only respond to mentions, check if bot is mentioned
+	// Skip this check for DMs (GuildID is empty) - DMs should always be responded to
+	if c.config.MentionOnly && m.GuildID != "" {
+		isMentioned := false
+		for _, mention := range m.Mentions {
+			if mention.ID == c.botUserID {
+				isMentioned = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !isMentioned {
+			logger.DebugCF("discord", "Message ignored - bot not mentioned", map[string]any{
+				"user_id": m.Author.ID,
+			})
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	senderID := m.Author.ID
 	senderName := m.Author.Username
 	if m.Author.Discriminator != "" && m.Author.Discriminator != "0" {
@ -303,10 +208,11 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 	}

 	content := m.Content
+	content = c.stripBotMention(content)
 	mediaPaths := make([]string, 0, len(m.Attachments))
 	localFiles := make([]string, 0, len(m.Attachments))

-	// 确保临时文件在函数返回时被清理
+	// Ensure temp files are cleaned up when function returns
 	defer func() {
 		for _, file := range localFiles {
 			if err := os.Remove(file); err != nil {
@ -330,7 +236,7 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 				if c.transcriber != nil && c.transcriber.IsAvailable() {
 					ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.getContext(), transcriptionTimeout)
 					result, err := c.transcriber.Transcribe(ctx, localPath)
-					cancel() // 立即释放context资源，避免在for循环中泄漏
+					cancel() // Release context resources immediately to avoid leaks in for loop

 					if err != nil {
 						logger.ErrorCF("discord", "Voice transcription failed", map[string]any{
@ -370,12 +276,22 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 		content = "[media only]"
 	}

+	// Start typing after all early returns — guaranteed to have a matching Send()
+	c.startTyping(m.ChannelID)
+
 	logger.DebugCF("discord", "Received message", map[string]any{
 		"sender_name": senderName,
 		"sender_id":   senderID,
 		"preview":     utils.Truncate(content, 50),
 	})

+	peerKind := "channel"
+	peerID := m.ChannelID
+	if m.GuildID == "" {
+		peerKind = "direct"
+		peerID = senderID
+	}
+
 	metadata := map[string]string{
 		"message_id":   m.ID,
 		"user_id":      senderID,
@ -384,13 +300,73 @@ func (c *DiscordChannel) handleMessage(s *discordgo.Session, m *discordgo.Messag
 		"guild_id":     m.GuildID,
 		"channel_id":   m.ChannelID,
 		"is_dm":        fmt.Sprintf("%t", m.GuildID == ""),
+		"peer_kind":    peerKind,
+		"peer_id":      peerID,
 	}

 	c.HandleMessage(senderID, m.ChannelID, content, mediaPaths, metadata)
 }

+// startTyping starts a continuous typing indicator loop for the given chatID.
+// It stops any existing typing loop for that chatID before starting a new one.
+func (c *DiscordChannel) startTyping(chatID string) {
+	c.typingMu.Lock()
+	// Stop existing loop for this chatID if any
+	if stop, ok := c.typingStop[chatID]; ok {
+		close(stop)
+	}
+	stop := make(chan struct{})
+	c.typingStop[chatID] = stop
+	c.typingMu.Unlock()
+
+	go func() {
+		if err := c.session.ChannelTyping(chatID); err != nil {
+			logger.DebugCF("discord", "ChannelTyping error", map[string]interface{}{"chatID": chatID, "err": err})
+		}
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(8 * time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		timeout := time.After(5 * time.Minute)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-stop:
+				return
+			case <-timeout:
+				return
+			case <-c.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				if err := c.session.ChannelTyping(chatID); err != nil {
+					logger.DebugCF("discord", "ChannelTyping error", map[string]interface{}{"chatID": chatID, "err": err})
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// stopTyping stops the typing indicator loop for the given chatID.
+func (c *DiscordChannel) stopTyping(chatID string) {
+	c.typingMu.Lock()
+	defer c.typingMu.Unlock()
+	if stop, ok := c.typingStop[chatID]; ok {
+		close(stop)
+		delete(c.typingStop, chatID)
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *DiscordChannel) downloadAttachment(url, filename string) string {
 	return utils.DownloadFile(url, filename, utils.DownloadOptions{
 		LoggerPrefix: "discord",
 	})
 }
+
+// stripBotMention removes the bot mention from the message content.
+// Discord mentions have the format <@USER_ID> or <@!USER_ID> (with nickname).
+func (c *DiscordChannel) stripBotMention(text string) string {
+	if c.botUserID == "" {
+		return text
+	}
+	// Remove both regular mention <@USER_ID> and nickname mention <@!USER_ID>
+	text = strings.ReplaceAll(text, fmt.Sprintf("<@%s>", c.botUserID), "")
+	text = strings.ReplaceAll(text, fmt.Sprintf("<@!%s>", c.botUserID), "")
+	return strings.TrimSpace(text)
+}
--- a/pkg/channels/feishu_64.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/feishu_64.go
@ -165,6 +165,15 @@ func (c *FeishuChannel) handleMessageReceive(_ context.Context, event *larkim.P2
 		metadata["tenant_key"] = *sender.TenantKey
 	}

+	chatType := stringValue(message.ChatType)
+	if chatType == "p2p" {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "direct"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = senderID
+	} else {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "group"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = chatID
+	}
+
 	logger.InfoCF("feishu", "Feishu message received", map[string]interface{}{
 		"sender_id": senderID,
 		"chat_id":   chatID,
--- a/pkg/channels/line.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/line.go
@ -366,6 +366,14 @@ func (c *LINEChannel) processEvent(event lineEvent) {
 		"message_id":  msg.ID,
 	}

+	if isGroup {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "group"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = chatID
+	} else {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "direct"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = senderID
+	}
+
 	logger.DebugCF("line", "Received message", map[string]interface{}{
 		"sender_id":    senderID,
 		"chat_id":      chatID,
--- a/pkg/channels/maixcam.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/maixcam.go
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ type MaixCamChannel struct {
 	listener   net.Listener
 	clients    map[net.Conn]bool
 	clientsMux sync.RWMutex
-	running    bool
 }

 type MaixCamMessage struct {
@ -35,7 +34,6 @@ func NewMaixCamChannel(cfg config.MaixCamConfig, bus *bus.MessageBus) (*MaixCamC
 		BaseChannel: base,
 		config:      cfg,
 		clients:     make(map[net.Conn]bool),
-		running:     false,
 	}, nil
 }

@ -172,6 +170,8 @@ func (c *MaixCamChannel) handlePersonDetection(msg MaixCamMessage) {
 		"y":         fmt.Sprintf("%.0f", y),
 		"w":         fmt.Sprintf("%.0f", w),
 		"h":         fmt.Sprintf("%.0f", h),
+		"peer_kind": "channel",
+		"peer_id":   "default",
 	}

 	c.HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content, []string{}, metadata)
--- a/pkg/channels/onebot.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/onebot.go
@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
@ -14,20 +16,28 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/bus"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/voice"
 )

 type OneBotChannel struct {
 	*BaseChannel
-	config      config.OneBotConfig
-	conn        *websocket.Conn
-	ctx         context.Context
-	cancel      context.CancelFunc
-	dedup       map[string]struct{}
-	dedupRing   []string
-	dedupIdx    int
-	mu          sync.Mutex
-	writeMu     sync.Mutex
-	echoCounter int64
+	config          config.OneBotConfig
+	conn            *websocket.Conn
+	ctx             context.Context
+	cancel          context.CancelFunc
+	dedup           map[string]struct{}
+	dedupRing       []string
+	dedupIdx        int
+	mu              sync.Mutex
+	writeMu         sync.Mutex
+	echoCounter     int64
+	selfID          int64
+	pending         map[string]chan json.RawMessage
+	pendingMu       sync.Mutex
+	transcriber     *voice.GroqTranscriber
+	lastMessageID   sync.Map
+	pendingEmojiMsg sync.Map
 }

 type oneBotRawEvent struct {
@ -43,9 +53,11 @@ type oneBotRawEvent struct {
 	SelfID        json.RawMessage `json:"self_id"`
 	Time          json.RawMessage `json:"time"`
 	MetaEventType string          `json:"meta_event_type"`
+	NoticeType    string          `json:"notice_type"`
 	Echo          string          `json:"echo"`
 	RetCode       json.RawMessage `json:"retcode"`
-	Status        BotStatus       `json:"status"`
+	Status        json.RawMessage `json:"status"`
+	Data          json.RawMessage `json:"data"`
 }

 type BotStatus struct {
@ -53,42 +65,36 @@ type BotStatus struct {
 	Good   bool `json:"good"`
 }

+func isAPIResponse(raw json.RawMessage) bool {
+	if len(raw) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	var s string
+	if json.Unmarshal(raw, &s) == nil {
+		return s == "ok" || s == "failed"
+	}
+	var bs BotStatus
+	if json.Unmarshal(raw, &bs) == nil {
+		return bs.Online || bs.Good
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 type oneBotSender struct {
 	UserID   json.RawMessage `json:"user_id"`
 	Nickname string          `json:"nickname"`
 	Card     string          `json:"card"`
 }

-type oneBotEvent struct {
-	PostType       string
-	MessageType    string
-	SubType        string
-	MessageID      string
-	UserID         int64
-	GroupID        int64
-	Content        string
-	RawContent     string
-	IsBotMentioned bool
-	Sender         oneBotSender
-	SelfID         int64
-	Time           int64
-	MetaEventType  string
-}
-
 type oneBotAPIRequest struct {
 	Action string      `json:"action"`
 	Params interface{} `json:"params"`
 	Echo   string      `json:"echo,omitempty"`
 }

-type oneBotSendPrivateMsgParams struct {
-	UserID  int64  `json:"user_id"`
-	Message string `json:"message"`
-}
-
-type oneBotSendGroupMsgParams struct {
-	GroupID int64  `json:"group_id"`
-	Message string `json:"message"`
+type oneBotMessageSegment struct {
+	Type string                 `json:"type"`
+	Data map[string]interface{} `json:"data"`
 }

 func NewOneBotChannel(cfg config.OneBotConfig, messageBus *bus.MessageBus) (*OneBotChannel, error) {
@ -101,9 +107,30 @@ func NewOneBotChannel(cfg config.OneBotConfig, messageBus *bus.MessageBus) (*One
 		dedup:       make(map[string]struct{}, dedupSize),
 		dedupRing:   make([]string, dedupSize),
 		dedupIdx:    0,
+		pending:     make(map[string]chan json.RawMessage),
 	}, nil
 }

+func (c *OneBotChannel) SetTranscriber(transcriber *voice.GroqTranscriber) {
+	c.transcriber = transcriber
+}
+
+func (c *OneBotChannel) setMsgEmojiLike(messageID string, emojiID int, set bool) {
+	go func() {
+		_, err := c.sendAPIRequest("set_msg_emoji_like", map[string]interface{}{
+			"message_id": messageID,
+			"emoji_id":   emojiID,
+			"set":        set,
+		}, 5*time.Second)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Failed to set emoji like", map[string]interface{}{
+				"message_id": messageID,
+				"error":      err.Error(),
+			})
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
 func (c *OneBotChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if c.config.WSUrl == "" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("OneBot ws_url not configured")
@ -121,12 +148,12 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 		})
 	} else {
 		go c.listen()
+		c.fetchSelfID()
 	}

 	if c.config.ReconnectInterval > 0 {
 		go c.reconnectLoop()
 	} else {
-		// If reconnect is disabled but initial connection failed, we cannot recover
 		if c.conn == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to OneBot and reconnect is disabled")
 		}
@ -152,14 +179,141 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) connect() error {
 		return err
 	}

+	conn.SetPongHandler(func(appData string) error {
+		_ = conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(60 * time.Second))
+		return nil
+	})
+	_ = conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(60 * time.Second))
+
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	c.conn = conn
 	c.mu.Unlock()

+	go c.pinger(conn)
+
 	logger.InfoC("onebot", "WebSocket connected")
 	return nil
 }

+func (c *OneBotChannel) pinger(conn *websocket.Conn) {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(30 * time.Second)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			c.writeMu.Lock()
+			err := conn.WriteMessage(websocket.PingMessage, nil)
+			c.writeMu.Unlock()
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Ping write failed, stopping pinger", map[string]interface{}{
+					"error": err.Error(),
+				})
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *OneBotChannel) fetchSelfID() {
+	resp, err := c.sendAPIRequest("get_login_info", nil, 5*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Failed to get_login_info", map[string]interface{}{
+			"error": err.Error(),
+		})
+		return
+	}
+
+	type loginInfo struct {
+		UserID   json.RawMessage `json:"user_id"`
+		Nickname string          `json:"nickname"`
+	}
+	for _, extract := range []func() (*loginInfo, error){
+		func() (*loginInfo, error) {
+			var w struct {
+				Data loginInfo `json:"data"`
+			}
+			err := json.Unmarshal(resp, &w)
+			return &w.Data, err
+		},
+		func() (*loginInfo, error) {
+			var f loginInfo
+			err := json.Unmarshal(resp, &f)
+			return &f, err
+		},
+	} {
+		info, err := extract()
+		if err != nil || len(info.UserID) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if uid, err := parseJSONInt64(info.UserID); err == nil && uid > 0 {
+			atomic.StoreInt64(&c.selfID, uid)
+			logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Bot self ID retrieved", map[string]interface{}{
+				"self_id":  uid,
+				"nickname": info.Nickname,
+			})
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Could not parse self ID from get_login_info response", map[string]interface{}{
+		"response": string(resp),
+	})
+}
+
+func (c *OneBotChannel) sendAPIRequest(action string, params interface{}, timeout time.Duration) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	conn := c.conn
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if conn == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("WebSocket not connected")
+	}
+
+	echo := fmt.Sprintf("api_%d_%d", time.Now().UnixNano(), atomic.AddInt64(&c.echoCounter, 1))
+
+	ch := make(chan json.RawMessage, 1)
+	c.pendingMu.Lock()
+	c.pending[echo] = ch
+	c.pendingMu.Unlock()
+
+	defer func() {
+		c.pendingMu.Lock()
+		delete(c.pending, echo)
+		c.pendingMu.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	req := oneBotAPIRequest{
+		Action: action,
+		Params: params,
+		Echo:   echo,
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal API request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	c.writeMu.Lock()
+	err = conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, data)
+	c.writeMu.Unlock()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to write API request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case resp := <-ch:
+		return resp, nil
+	case <-time.After(timeout):
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API request %s timed out after %v", action, timeout)
+	case <-c.ctx.Done():
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("context cancelled")
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *OneBotChannel) reconnectLoop() {
 	interval := time.Duration(c.config.ReconnectInterval) * time.Second
 	if interval < 5*time.Second {
@ -183,6 +337,7 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) reconnectLoop() {
 					})
 				} else {
 					go c.listen()
+					c.fetchSelfID()
 				}
 			}
 		}
@ -197,6 +352,13 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
 		c.cancel()
 	}

+	c.pendingMu.Lock()
+	for echo, ch := range c.pending {
+		close(ch)
+		delete(c.pending, echo)
+	}
+	c.pendingMu.Unlock()
+
 	c.mu.Lock()
 	if c.conn != nil {
 		c.conn.Close()
@ -225,10 +387,7 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error
 		return err
 	}

-	c.writeMu.Lock()
-	c.echoCounter++
-	echo := fmt.Sprintf("send_%d", c.echoCounter)
-	c.writeMu.Unlock()
+	echo := fmt.Sprintf("send_%d", atomic.AddInt64(&c.echoCounter, 1))

 	req := oneBotAPIRequest{
 		Action: action,
@ -252,67 +411,78 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) Send(ctx context.Context, msg bus.OutboundMessage) error
 		return err
 	}

+	if msgID, ok := c.pendingEmojiMsg.LoadAndDelete(msg.ChatID); ok {
+		if mid, ok := msgID.(string); ok && mid != "" {
+			c.setMsgEmojiLike(mid, 289, false)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

+func (c *OneBotChannel) buildMessageSegments(chatID, content string) []oneBotMessageSegment {
+	var segments []oneBotMessageSegment
+
+	if lastMsgID, ok := c.lastMessageID.Load(chatID); ok {
+		if msgID, ok := lastMsgID.(string); ok && msgID != "" {
+			segments = append(segments, oneBotMessageSegment{
+				Type: "reply",
+				Data: map[string]interface{}{"id": msgID},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	segments = append(segments, oneBotMessageSegment{
+		Type: "text",
+		Data: map[string]interface{}{"text": content},
+	})
+
+	return segments
+}
+
 func (c *OneBotChannel) buildSendRequest(msg bus.OutboundMessage) (string, interface{}, error) {
 	chatID := msg.ChatID
+	segments := c.buildMessageSegments(chatID, msg.Content)

-	if len(chatID) > 6 && chatID[:6] == "group:" {
-		groupID, err := strconv.ParseInt(chatID[6:], 10, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid group ID in chatID: %s", chatID)
-		}
-		return "send_group_msg", oneBotSendGroupMsgParams{
-			GroupID: groupID,
-			Message: msg.Content,
-		}, nil
+	var action, idKey string
+	var rawID string
+	if rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(chatID, "group:"); ok {
+		action, idKey, rawID = "send_group_msg", "group_id", rest
+	} else if rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(chatID, "private:"); ok {
+		action, idKey, rawID = "send_private_msg", "user_id", rest
+	} else {
+		action, idKey, rawID = "send_private_msg", "user_id", chatID
 	}

-	if len(chatID) > 8 && chatID[:8] == "private:" {
-		userID, err := strconv.ParseInt(chatID[8:], 10, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid user ID in chatID: %s", chatID)
-		}
-		return "send_private_msg", oneBotSendPrivateMsgParams{
-			UserID:  userID,
-			Message: msg.Content,
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	userID, err := strconv.ParseInt(chatID, 10, 64)
+	id, err := strconv.ParseInt(rawID, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid chatID for OneBot: %s", chatID)
+		return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid %s in chatID: %s", idKey, chatID)
 	}
-
-	return "send_private_msg", oneBotSendPrivateMsgParams{
-		UserID:  userID,
-		Message: msg.Content,
-	}, nil
+	return action, map[string]interface{}{idKey: id, "message": segments}, nil
 }

 func (c *OneBotChannel) listen() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	conn := c.conn
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if conn == nil {
+		logger.WarnC("onebot", "WebSocket connection is nil, listener exiting")
+		return
+	}
+
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-c.ctx.Done():
 			return
 		default:
-			c.mu.Lock()
-			conn := c.conn
-			c.mu.Unlock()
-
-			if conn == nil {
-				logger.WarnC("onebot", "WebSocket connection is nil, listener exiting")
-				return
-			}
-
 			_, message, err := conn.ReadMessage()
 			if err != nil {
 				logger.ErrorCF("onebot", "WebSocket read error", map[string]interface{}{
 					"error": err.Error(),
 				})
 				c.mu.Lock()
-				if c.conn != nil {
+				if c.conn == conn {
 					c.conn.Close()
 					c.conn = nil
 				}
@ -320,10 +490,7 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) listen() {
 				return
 			}

-			logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Raw WebSocket message received", map[string]interface{}{
-				"length":  len(message),
-				"payload": string(message),
-			})
+			_ = conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(60 * time.Second))

 			var raw oneBotRawEvent
 			if err := json.Unmarshal(message, &raw); err != nil {
@ -334,20 +501,37 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) listen() {
 				continue
 			}

-			if raw.Echo != "" || raw.Status.Online || raw.Status.Good {
-				logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Received API response, skipping", map[string]interface{}{
-					"echo":   raw.Echo,
-					"status": raw.Status,
-				})
+			logger.DebugCF("onebot", "WebSocket event", map[string]interface{}{
+				"length":    len(message),
+				"post_type": raw.PostType,
+				"sub_type":  raw.SubType,
+			})
+
+			if raw.Echo != "" {
+				c.pendingMu.Lock()
+				ch, ok := c.pending[raw.Echo]
+				c.pendingMu.Unlock()
+
+				if ok {
+					select {
+					case ch <- message:
+					default:
+					}
+				} else {
+					logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Received API response (no waiter)", map[string]interface{}{
+						"echo":   raw.Echo,
+						"status": string(raw.Status),
+					})
+				}
 				continue
 			}

-			logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Parsed raw event", map[string]interface{}{
-				"post_type":       raw.PostType,
-				"message_type":    raw.MessageType,
-				"sub_type":        raw.SubType,
-				"meta_event_type": raw.MetaEventType,
-			})
+			if isAPIResponse(raw.Status) {
+				logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Received API response without echo, skipping", map[string]interface{}{
+					"status": string(raw.Status),
+				})
+				continue
+			}

 			c.handleRawEvent(&raw)
 		}
@ -386,9 +570,12 @@ func parseJSONString(raw json.RawMessage) string {
 type parseMessageResult struct {
 	Text           string
 	IsBotMentioned bool
+	Media          []string
+	LocalFiles     []string
+	ReplyTo        string
 }

-func parseMessageContentEx(raw json.RawMessage, selfID int64) parseMessageResult {
+func (c *OneBotChannel) parseMessageSegments(raw json.RawMessage, selfID int64) parseMessageResult {
 	if len(raw) == 0 {
 		return parseMessageResult{}
 	}
@ -408,60 +595,155 @@ func parseMessageContentEx(raw json.RawMessage, selfID int64) parseMessageResult
 	}

 	var segments []map[string]interface{}
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &segments); err == nil {
-		var text string
-		mentioned := false
-		selfIDStr := strconv.FormatInt(selfID, 10)
-		for _, seg := range segments {
-			segType, _ := seg["type"].(string)
-			data, _ := seg["data"].(map[string]interface{})
-			switch segType {
-			case "text":
-				if data != nil {
-					if t, ok := data["text"].(string); ok {
-						text += t
-					}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &segments); err != nil {
+		return parseMessageResult{}
+	}
+
+	var textParts []string
+	mentioned := false
+	selfIDStr := strconv.FormatInt(selfID, 10)
+	var media []string
+	var localFiles []string
+	var replyTo string
+
+	for _, seg := range segments {
+		segType, _ := seg["type"].(string)
+		data, _ := seg["data"].(map[string]interface{})
+
+		switch segType {
+		case "text":
+			if data != nil {
+				if t, ok := data["text"].(string); ok {
+					textParts = append(textParts, t)
 				}
-			case "at":
-				if data != nil && selfID > 0 {
-					qqVal := fmt.Sprintf("%v", data["qq"])
-					if qqVal == selfIDStr || qqVal == "all" {
-						mentioned = true
+			}
+
+		case "at":
+			if data != nil && selfID > 0 {
+				qqVal := fmt.Sprintf("%v", data["qq"])
+				if qqVal == selfIDStr || qqVal == "all" {
+					mentioned = true
+				}
+			}
+
+		case "image", "video", "file":
+			if data != nil {
+				url, _ := data["url"].(string)
+				if url != "" {
+					defaults := map[string]string{"image": "image.jpg", "video": "video.mp4", "file": "file"}
+					filename := defaults[segType]
+					if f, ok := data["file"].(string); ok && f != "" {
+						filename = f
+					} else if n, ok := data["name"].(string); ok && n != "" {
+						filename = n
+					}
+					localPath := utils.DownloadFile(url, filename, utils.DownloadOptions{
+						LoggerPrefix: "onebot",
+					})
+					if localPath != "" {
+						media = append(media, localPath)
+						localFiles = append(localFiles, localPath)
+						textParts = append(textParts, fmt.Sprintf("[%s]", segType))
 					}
 				}
 			}
+
+		case "record":
+			if data != nil {
+				url, _ := data["url"].(string)
+				if url != "" {
+					localPath := utils.DownloadFile(url, "voice.amr", utils.DownloadOptions{
+						LoggerPrefix: "onebot",
+					})
+					if localPath != "" {
+						localFiles = append(localFiles, localPath)
+						if c.transcriber != nil && c.transcriber.IsAvailable() {
+							tctx, tcancel := context.WithTimeout(c.ctx, 30*time.Second)
+							result, err := c.transcriber.Transcribe(tctx, localPath)
+							tcancel()
+							if err != nil {
+								logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Voice transcription failed", map[string]interface{}{
+									"error": err.Error(),
+								})
+								textParts = append(textParts, "[voice (transcription failed)]")
+								media = append(media, localPath)
+							} else {
+								textParts = append(textParts, fmt.Sprintf("[voice transcription: %s]", result.Text))
+							}
+						} else {
+							textParts = append(textParts, "[voice]")
+							media = append(media, localPath)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		case "reply":
+			if data != nil {
+				if id, ok := data["id"]; ok {
+					replyTo = fmt.Sprintf("%v", id)
+				}
+			}
+
+		case "face":
+			if data != nil {
+				faceID, _ := data["id"]
+				textParts = append(textParts, fmt.Sprintf("[face:%v]", faceID))
+			}
+
+		case "forward":
+			textParts = append(textParts, "[forward message]")
+
+		default:
+
 		}
-		return parseMessageResult{Text: strings.TrimSpace(text), IsBotMentioned: mentioned}
 	}
-	return parseMessageResult{}
+
+	return parseMessageResult{
+		Text:           strings.TrimSpace(strings.Join(textParts, "")),
+		IsBotMentioned: mentioned,
+		Media:          media,
+		LocalFiles:     localFiles,
+		ReplyTo:        replyTo,
+	}
 }

 func (c *OneBotChannel) handleRawEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
 	switch raw.PostType {
 	case "message":
-		evt, err := c.normalizeMessageEvent(raw)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Failed to normalize message event", map[string]interface{}{
-				"error": err.Error(),
-			})
-			return
+		if userID, err := parseJSONInt64(raw.UserID); err == nil && userID > 0 {
+			if !c.IsAllowed(strconv.FormatInt(userID, 10)) {
+				logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Message rejected by allowlist", map[string]interface{}{
+					"user_id": userID,
+				})
+				return
+			}
 		}
-		c.handleMessage(evt)
+		c.handleMessage(raw)
+
+	case "message_sent":
+		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Bot sent message event", map[string]interface{}{
+			"message_type": raw.MessageType,
+			"message_id":   parseJSONString(raw.MessageID),
+		})
+
 	case "meta_event":
 		c.handleMetaEvent(raw)
+
 	case "notice":
-		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Notice event received", map[string]interface{}{
-			"sub_type": raw.SubType,
-		})
+		c.handleNoticeEvent(raw)
+
 	case "request":
 		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Request event received", map[string]interface{}{
 			"sub_type": raw.SubType,
 		})
+
 	case "":
 		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Event with empty post_type (possibly API response)", map[string]interface{}{
 			"echo":   raw.Echo,
 			"status": raw.Status,
 		})
+
 	default:
 		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Unknown post_type", map[string]interface{}{
 			"post_type": raw.PostType,
@ -469,18 +751,51 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) handleRawEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
 	}
 }

-func (c *OneBotChannel) normalizeMessageEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) (*oneBotEvent, error) {
+func (c *OneBotChannel) handleMetaEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
+	if raw.MetaEventType == "lifecycle" {
+		logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Lifecycle event", map[string]interface{}{"sub_type": raw.SubType})
+	} else if raw.MetaEventType != "heartbeat" {
+		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Meta event: "+raw.MetaEventType, nil)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *OneBotChannel) handleNoticeEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
+	fields := map[string]interface{}{
+		"notice_type": raw.NoticeType,
+		"sub_type":    raw.SubType,
+		"group_id":    parseJSONString(raw.GroupID),
+		"user_id":     parseJSONString(raw.UserID),
+		"message_id":  parseJSONString(raw.MessageID),
+	}
+	switch raw.NoticeType {
+	case "group_recall", "group_increase", "group_decrease",
+		"friend_add", "group_admin", "group_ban":
+		logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Notice: "+raw.NoticeType, fields)
+	default:
+		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Notice: "+raw.NoticeType, fields)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *OneBotChannel) handleMessage(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
+	// Parse fields from raw event
 	userID, err := parseJSONInt64(raw.UserID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse user_id: %w (raw: %s)", err, string(raw.UserID))
+		logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Failed to parse user_id", map[string]interface{}{
+			"error": err.Error(),
+			"raw":   string(raw.UserID),
+		})
+		return
 	}

 	groupID, _ := parseJSONInt64(raw.GroupID)
 	selfID, _ := parseJSONInt64(raw.SelfID)
-	ts, _ := parseJSONInt64(raw.Time)
 	messageID := parseJSONString(raw.MessageID)

-	parsed := parseMessageContentEx(raw.Message, selfID)
+	if selfID == 0 {
+		selfID = atomic.LoadInt64(&c.selfID)
+	}
+
+	parsed := c.parseMessageSegments(raw.Message, selfID)
 	isBotMentioned := parsed.IsBotMentioned

 	content := raw.RawMessage
@ -495,6 +810,10 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) normalizeMessageEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) (*oneBotEvent
 		}
 	}

+	if parsed.Text != "" && content != parsed.Text && (len(parsed.Media) > 0 || parsed.ReplyTo != "") {
+		content = parsed.Text
+	}
+
 	var sender oneBotSender
 	if len(raw.Sender) > 0 {
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw.Sender, &sender); err != nil {
@ -505,137 +824,111 @@ func (c *OneBotChannel) normalizeMessageEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) (*oneBotEvent
 		}
 	}

-	logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Normalized message event", map[string]interface{}{
-		"message_type": raw.MessageType,
-		"user_id":      userID,
-		"group_id":     groupID,
-		"message_id":   messageID,
-		"content_len":  len(content),
-		"nickname":     sender.Nickname,
-	})
-
-	return &oneBotEvent{
-		PostType:       raw.PostType,
-		MessageType:    raw.MessageType,
-		SubType:        raw.SubType,
-		MessageID:      messageID,
-		UserID:         userID,
-		GroupID:        groupID,
-		Content:        content,
-		RawContent:     raw.RawMessage,
-		IsBotMentioned: isBotMentioned,
-		Sender:         sender,
-		SelfID:         selfID,
-		Time:           ts,
-		MetaEventType:  raw.MetaEventType,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (c *OneBotChannel) handleMetaEvent(raw *oneBotRawEvent) {
-	switch raw.MetaEventType {
-	case "lifecycle":
-		logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Lifecycle event", map[string]interface{}{
-			"sub_type": raw.SubType,
-		})
-	case "heartbeat":
-		logger.DebugC("onebot", "Heartbeat received")
-	default:
-		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Unknown meta_event_type", map[string]interface{}{
-			"meta_event_type": raw.MetaEventType,
-		})
+	// Clean up temp files when done
+	if len(parsed.LocalFiles) > 0 {
+		defer func() {
+			for _, f := range parsed.LocalFiles {
+				if err := os.Remove(f); err != nil {
+					logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Failed to remove temp file", map[string]interface{}{
+						"path":  f,
+						"error": err.Error(),
+					})
+				}
+			}
+		}()
 	}
-}

-func (c *OneBotChannel) handleMessage(evt *oneBotEvent) {
-	if c.isDuplicate(evt.MessageID) {
+	if c.isDuplicate(messageID) {
 		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Duplicate message, skipping", map[string]interface{}{
-			"message_id": evt.MessageID,
+			"message_id": messageID,
 		})
 		return
 	}

-	content := evt.Content
 	if content == "" {
 		logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Received empty message, ignoring", map[string]interface{}{
-			"message_id": evt.MessageID,
+			"message_id": messageID,
 		})
 		return
 	}

-	senderID := strconv.FormatInt(evt.UserID, 10)
+	senderID := strconv.FormatInt(userID, 10)
 	var chatID string

 	metadata := map[string]string{
-		"message_id": evt.MessageID,
+		"message_id": messageID,
 	}

-	switch evt.MessageType {
+	if parsed.ReplyTo != "" {
+		metadata["reply_to_message_id"] = parsed.ReplyTo
+	}
+
+	switch raw.MessageType {
 	case "private":
 		chatID = "private:" + senderID
-		logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Received private message", map[string]interface{}{
-			"sender":     senderID,
-			"message_id": evt.MessageID,
-			"length":     len(content),
-			"content":    truncate(content, 100),
-		})
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "direct"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = senderID

 	case "group":
-		groupIDStr := strconv.FormatInt(evt.GroupID, 10)
+		groupIDStr := strconv.FormatInt(groupID, 10)
 		chatID = "group:" + groupIDStr
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "group"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = groupIDStr
 		metadata["group_id"] = groupIDStr

-		senderUserID, _ := parseJSONInt64(evt.Sender.UserID)
+		senderUserID, _ := parseJSONInt64(sender.UserID)
 		if senderUserID > 0 {
 			metadata["sender_user_id"] = strconv.FormatInt(senderUserID, 10)
 		}

-		if evt.Sender.Card != "" {
-			metadata["sender_name"] = evt.Sender.Card
-		} else if evt.Sender.Nickname != "" {
-			metadata["sender_name"] = evt.Sender.Nickname
+		if sender.Card != "" {
+			metadata["sender_name"] = sender.Card
+		} else if sender.Nickname != "" {
+			metadata["sender_name"] = sender.Nickname
 		}

-		triggered, strippedContent := c.checkGroupTrigger(content, evt.IsBotMentioned)
+		triggered, strippedContent := c.checkGroupTrigger(content, isBotMentioned)
 		if !triggered {
 			logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Group message ignored (no trigger)", map[string]interface{}{
 				"sender":       senderID,
 				"group":        groupIDStr,
-				"is_mentioned": evt.IsBotMentioned,
+				"is_mentioned": isBotMentioned,
 				"content":      truncate(content, 100),
 			})
 			return
 		}
 		content = strippedContent

-		logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Received group message", map[string]interface{}{
-			"sender":       senderID,
-			"group":        groupIDStr,
-			"message_id":   evt.MessageID,
-			"is_mentioned": evt.IsBotMentioned,
-			"length":       len(content),
-			"content":      truncate(content, 100),
-		})
-
 	default:
 		logger.WarnCF("onebot", "Unknown message type, cannot route", map[string]interface{}{
-			"type":       evt.MessageType,
-			"message_id": evt.MessageID,
-			"user_id":    evt.UserID,
+			"type":       raw.MessageType,
+			"message_id": messageID,
+			"user_id":    userID,
 		})
 		return
 	}

-	if evt.Sender.Nickname != "" {
-		metadata["nickname"] = evt.Sender.Nickname
-	}
-
-	logger.DebugCF("onebot", "Forwarding message to bus", map[string]interface{}{
-		"sender_id": senderID,
-		"chat_id":   chatID,
-		"content":   truncate(content, 100),
+	logger.InfoCF("onebot", "Received "+raw.MessageType+" message", map[string]interface{}{
+		"sender":      senderID,
+		"chat_id":     chatID,
+		"message_id":  messageID,
+		"length":      len(content),
+		"content":     truncate(content, 100),
+		"media_count": len(parsed.Media),
 	})

-	c.HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content, []string{}, metadata)
+	if sender.Nickname != "" {
+		metadata["nickname"] = sender.Nickname
+	}
+
+	c.lastMessageID.Store(chatID, messageID)
+
+	if raw.MessageType == "group" && messageID != "" && messageID != "0" {
+		c.setMsgEmojiLike(messageID, 289, true)
+		c.pendingEmojiMsg.Store(chatID, messageID)
+	}
+
+	c.HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content, parsed.Media, metadata)
 }

 func (c *OneBotChannel) isDuplicate(messageID string) bool {
--- a/pkg/channels/qq.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/qq.go
@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleC2CMessage() event.C2CMessageEventHandler {
 		// 转发到消息总线
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
+			"peer_kind":  "direct",
+			"peer_id":    senderID,
 		}

 		c.HandleMessage(senderID, senderID, content, []string{}, metadata)
@ -207,6 +209,8 @@ func (c *QQChannel) handleGroupATMessage() event.GroupATMessageEventHandler {
 		metadata := map[string]string{
 			"message_id": data.ID,
 			"group_id":   data.GroupID,
+			"peer_kind":  "group",
+			"peer_id":    data.GroupID,
 		}

 		c.HandleMessage(senderID, data.GroupID, content, []string{}, metadata)
--- a/pkg/channels/slack.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/slack.go
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ type SlackChannel struct {
 	api          *slack.Client
 	socketClient *socketmode.Client
 	botUserID    string
+	teamID       string
 	transcriber  *voice.GroqTranscriber
 	ctx          context.Context
 	cancel       context.CancelFunc
@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("slack auth test failed: %w", err)
 	}
 	c.botUserID = authResp.UserID
+	c.teamID = authResp.TeamID

 	logger.InfoCF("slack", "Slack bot connected", map[string]interface{}{
 		"bot_user_id": c.botUserID,
@ -274,11 +276,21 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) handleMessageEvent(ev *slackevents.MessageEvent) {
 		return
 	}

+	peerKind := "channel"
+	peerID := channelID
+	if strings.HasPrefix(channelID, "D") {
+		peerKind = "direct"
+		peerID = senderID
+	}
+
 	metadata := map[string]string{
 		"message_ts": messageTS,
 		"channel_id": channelID,
 		"thread_ts":  threadTS,
 		"platform":   "slack",
+		"peer_kind":  peerKind,
+		"peer_id":    peerID,
+		"team_id":    c.teamID,
 	}

 	logger.DebugCF("slack", "Received message", map[string]interface{}{
@ -331,12 +343,22 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) handleAppMention(ev *slackevents.AppMentionEvent) {
 		return
 	}

+	mentionPeerKind := "channel"
+	mentionPeerID := channelID
+	if strings.HasPrefix(channelID, "D") {
+		mentionPeerKind = "direct"
+		mentionPeerID = senderID
+	}
+
 	metadata := map[string]string{
 		"message_ts": messageTS,
 		"channel_id": channelID,
 		"thread_ts":  threadTS,
 		"platform":   "slack",
 		"is_mention": "true",
+		"peer_kind":  mentionPeerKind,
+		"peer_id":    mentionPeerID,
+		"team_id":    c.teamID,
 	}

 	c.HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content, nil, metadata)
@ -373,6 +395,9 @@ func (c *SlackChannel) handleSlashCommand(event socketmode.Event) {
 		"platform":   "slack",
 		"is_command": "true",
 		"trigger_id": cmd.TriggerID,
+		"peer_kind":  "channel",
+		"peer_id":    channelID,
+		"team_id":    c.teamID,
 	}

 	logger.DebugCF("slack", "Slash command received", map[string]interface{}{
--- a/pkg/channels/telegram.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/telegram.go
@ -59,6 +59,13 @@ func NewTelegramChannel(cfg *config.Config, bus *bus.MessageBus) (*TelegramChann
 				Proxy: http.ProxyURL(proxyURL),
 			},
 		}))
+	} else if os.Getenv("HTTP_PROXY") != "" || os.Getenv("HTTPS_PROXY") != "" {
+		// Use environment proxy if configured
+		opts = append(opts, telego.WithHTTPClient(&http.Client{
+			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				Proxy: http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
+			},
+		}))
 	}

 	bot, err := telego.NewBot(telegramCfg.Token, opts...)
@ -347,12 +354,21 @@ func (c *TelegramChannel) handleMessage(ctx context.Context, message *telego.Mes
 		c.placeholders.Store(chatIDStr, pID)
 	}

+	peerKind := "direct"
+	peerID := fmt.Sprintf("%d", user.ID)
+	if message.Chat.Type != "private" {
+		peerKind = "group"
+		peerID = fmt.Sprintf("%d", chatID)
+	}
+
 	metadata := map[string]string{
 		"message_id": fmt.Sprintf("%d", message.MessageID),
 		"user_id":    fmt.Sprintf("%d", user.ID),
 		"username":   user.Username,
 		"first_name": user.FirstName,
 		"is_group":   fmt.Sprintf("%t", message.Chat.Type != "private"),
+		"peer_kind":  peerKind,
+		"peer_id":    peerID,
 	}

 	c.HandleMessage(fmt.Sprintf("%d", user.ID), fmt.Sprintf("%d", chatID), content, mediaPaths, metadata)
--- a/pkg/channels/whatsapp.go
+++ b/pkg/channels/whatsapp.go
@ -178,6 +178,14 @@ func (c *WhatsAppChannel) handleIncomingMessage(msg map[string]interface{}) {
 		metadata["user_name"] = userName
 	}

+	if chatID == senderID {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "direct"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = senderID
+	} else {
+		metadata["peer_kind"] = "group"
+		metadata["peer_id"] = chatID
+	}
+
 	log.Printf("WhatsApp message from %s: %s...", senderID, utils.Truncate(content, 50))

 	c.HandleMessage(senderID, chatID, content, mediaPaths, metadata)
--- a/pkg/config/config.go
+++ b/pkg/config/config.go
@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"

 	"github.com/caarlos0/env/v11"
 )

+// rrCounter is a global counter for round-robin load balancing across models.
+var rrCounter atomic.Uint64
+
 // FlexibleStringSlice is a []string that also accepts JSON numbers,
 // so allow_from can contain both "123" and 123.
 type FlexibleStringSlice []string
@ -45,27 +48,135 @@ func (f *FlexibleStringSlice) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {

 type Config struct {
 	Agents    AgentsConfig    `json:"agents"`
+	Bindings  []AgentBinding  `json:"bindings,omitempty"`
+	Session   SessionConfig   `json:"session,omitempty"`
 	Channels  ChannelsConfig  `json:"channels"`
-	Providers ProvidersConfig `json:"providers"`
+	Providers ProvidersConfig `json:"providers,omitempty"`
+	ModelList []ModelConfig   `json:"model_list"` // New model-centric provider configuration
 	Gateway   GatewayConfig   `json:"gateway"`
 	Tools     ToolsConfig     `json:"tools"`
 	Heartbeat HeartbeatConfig `json:"heartbeat"`
 	Devices   DevicesConfig   `json:"devices"`
-	mu        sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements custom JSON marshaling for Config
+// to omit providers section when empty and session when empty
+func (c Config) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type Alias Config
+	aux := &struct {
+		Providers *ProvidersConfig `json:"providers,omitempty"`
+		Session   *SessionConfig   `json:"session,omitempty"`
+		*Alias
+	}{
+		Alias: (*Alias)(&c),
+	}
+
+	// Only include providers if not empty
+	if !c.Providers.IsEmpty() {
+		aux.Providers = &c.Providers
+	}
+
+	// Only include session if not empty
+	if c.Session.DMScope != "" || len(c.Session.IdentityLinks) > 0 {
+		aux.Session = &c.Session
+	}
+
+	return json.Marshal(aux)
 }

 type AgentsConfig struct {
 	Defaults AgentDefaults `json:"defaults"`
+	List     []AgentConfig `json:"list,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// AgentModelConfig supports both string and structured model config.
+// String format: "gpt-4" (just primary, no fallbacks)
+// Object format: {"primary": "gpt-4", "fallbacks": ["claude-haiku"]}
+type AgentModelConfig struct {
+	Primary   string   `json:"primary,omitempty"`
+	Fallbacks []string `json:"fallbacks,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (m *AgentModelConfig) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var s string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &s); err == nil {
+		m.Primary = s
+		m.Fallbacks = nil
+		return nil
+	}
+	type raw struct {
+		Primary   string   `json:"primary"`
+		Fallbacks []string `json:"fallbacks"`
+	}
+	var r raw
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &r); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	m.Primary = r.Primary
+	m.Fallbacks = r.Fallbacks
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m AgentModelConfig) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(m.Fallbacks) == 0 && m.Primary != "" {
+		return json.Marshal(m.Primary)
+	}
+	type raw struct {
+		Primary   string   `json:"primary,omitempty"`
+		Fallbacks []string `json:"fallbacks,omitempty"`
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(raw{Primary: m.Primary, Fallbacks: m.Fallbacks})
+}
+
+type AgentConfig struct {
+	ID        string            `json:"id"`
+	Default   bool              `json:"default,omitempty"`
+	Name      string            `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	Workspace string            `json:"workspace,omitempty"`
+	Model     *AgentModelConfig `json:"model,omitempty"`
+	Skills    []string          `json:"skills,omitempty"`
+	Subagents *SubagentsConfig  `json:"subagents,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type SubagentsConfig struct {
+	AllowAgents []string          `json:"allow_agents,omitempty"`
+	Model       *AgentModelConfig `json:"model,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type PeerMatch struct {
+	Kind string `json:"kind"`
+	ID   string `json:"id"`
+}
+
+type BindingMatch struct {
+	Channel   string     `json:"channel"`
+	AccountID string     `json:"account_id,omitempty"`
+	Peer      *PeerMatch `json:"peer,omitempty"`
+	GuildID   string     `json:"guild_id,omitempty"`
+	TeamID    string     `json:"team_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type AgentBinding struct {
+	AgentID string       `json:"agent_id"`
+	Match   BindingMatch `json:"match"`
+}
+
+type SessionConfig struct {
+	DMScope       string              `json:"dm_scope,omitempty"`
+	IdentityLinks map[string][]string `json:"identity_links,omitempty"`
 }

 type AgentDefaults struct {
-	Workspace           string  `json:"workspace" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_WORKSPACE"`
-	RestrictToWorkspace bool    `json:"restrict_to_workspace" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_RESTRICT_TO_WORKSPACE"`
-	Provider            string  `json:"provider" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_PROVIDER"`
-	Model               string  `json:"model" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MODEL"`
-	MaxTokens           int     `json:"max_tokens" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MAX_TOKENS"`
-	Temperature         float64 `json:"temperature" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_TEMPERATURE"`
-	MaxToolIterations   int     `json:"max_tool_iterations" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MAX_TOOL_ITERATIONS"`
+	Workspace           string   `json:"workspace" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_WORKSPACE"`
+	RestrictToWorkspace bool     `json:"restrict_to_workspace" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_RESTRICT_TO_WORKSPACE"`
+	Provider            string   `json:"provider" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_PROVIDER"`
+	Model               string   `json:"model" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MODEL"`
+	ModelFallbacks      []string `json:"model_fallbacks,omitempty"`
+	ImageModel          string   `json:"image_model,omitempty" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_IMAGE_MODEL"`
+	ImageModelFallbacks []string `json:"image_model_fallbacks,omitempty"`
+	MaxTokens           int      `json:"max_tokens" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MAX_TOKENS"`
+	Temperature         *float64 `json:"temperature,omitempty" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_TEMPERATURE"`
+	MaxToolIterations   int      `json:"max_tool_iterations" env:"PICOCLAW_AGENTS_DEFAULTS_MAX_TOOL_ITERATIONS"`
 }

 type ChannelsConfig struct {
@ -104,9 +215,10 @@ type FeishuConfig struct {
 }

 type DiscordConfig struct {
-	Enabled   bool                `json:"enabled" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_ENABLED"`
-	Token     string              `json:"token" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_TOKEN"`
-	AllowFrom FlexibleStringSlice `json:"allow_from" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_ALLOW_FROM"`
+	Enabled     bool                `json:"enabled" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_ENABLED"`
+	Token       string              `json:"token" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_TOKEN"`
+	AllowFrom   FlexibleStringSlice `json:"allow_from" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_ALLOW_FROM"`
+	MentionOnly bool                `json:"mention_only" env:"PICOCLAW_CHANNELS_DISCORD_MENTION_ONLY"`
 }

 type MaixCamConfig struct {
@ -167,20 +279,55 @@ type DevicesConfig struct {
 }

 type ProvidersConfig struct {
-	Anthropic     ProviderConfig `json:"anthropic"`
-	OpenAI        ProviderConfig `json:"openai"`
-	OpenRouter    ProviderConfig `json:"openrouter"`
-	Groq          ProviderConfig `json:"groq"`
-	Zhipu         ProviderConfig `json:"zhipu"`
-	VLLM          ProviderConfig `json:"vllm"`
-	Gemini        ProviderConfig `json:"gemini"`
-	Nvidia        ProviderConfig `json:"nvidia"`
-	Ollama        ProviderConfig `json:"ollama"`
-	Moonshot      ProviderConfig `json:"moonshot"`
-	ShengSuanYun  ProviderConfig `json:"shengsuanyun"`
-	DeepSeek      ProviderConfig `json:"deepseek"`
-	VolcEngine    ProviderConfig `json:"volcengine"`
-	GitHubCopilot ProviderConfig `json:"github_copilot"`
+	Anthropic     ProviderConfig       `json:"anthropic"`
+	OpenAI        OpenAIProviderConfig `json:"openai"`
+	OpenRouter    ProviderConfig       `json:"openrouter"`
+	Groq          ProviderConfig       `json:"groq"`
+	Zhipu         ProviderConfig       `json:"zhipu"`
+	VLLM          ProviderConfig       `json:"vllm"`
+	Gemini        ProviderConfig       `json:"gemini"`
+	Nvidia        ProviderConfig       `json:"nvidia"`
+	Ollama        ProviderConfig       `json:"ollama"`
+	Moonshot      ProviderConfig       `json:"moonshot"`
+	ShengSuanYun  ProviderConfig       `json:"shengsuanyun"`
+	DeepSeek      ProviderConfig       `json:"deepseek"`
+	Cerebras      ProviderConfig       `json:"cerebras"`
+	VolcEngine    ProviderConfig       `json:"volcengine"`
+	GitHubCopilot ProviderConfig       `json:"github_copilot"`
+	Antigravity   ProviderConfig       `json:"antigravity"`
+	Qwen          ProviderConfig       `json:"qwen"`
+}
+
+// IsEmpty checks if all provider configs are empty (no API keys or API bases set)
+// Note: WebSearch is an optimization option and doesn't count as "non-empty"
+func (p ProvidersConfig) IsEmpty() bool {
+	return p.Anthropic.APIKey == "" && p.Anthropic.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.OpenAI.APIKey == "" && p.OpenAI.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.OpenRouter.APIKey == "" && p.OpenRouter.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Groq.APIKey == "" && p.Groq.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Zhipu.APIKey == "" && p.Zhipu.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.VLLM.APIKey == "" && p.VLLM.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Gemini.APIKey == "" && p.Gemini.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Nvidia.APIKey == "" && p.Nvidia.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Ollama.APIKey == "" && p.Ollama.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Moonshot.APIKey == "" && p.Moonshot.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.ShengSuanYun.APIKey == "" && p.ShengSuanYun.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.DeepSeek.APIKey == "" && p.DeepSeek.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Cerebras.APIKey == "" && p.Cerebras.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.VolcEngine.APIKey == "" && p.VolcEngine.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.GitHubCopilot.APIKey == "" && p.GitHubCopilot.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Antigravity.APIKey == "" && p.Antigravity.APIBase == "" &&
+		p.Qwen.APIKey == "" && p.Qwen.APIBase == ""
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements custom JSON marshaling for ProvidersConfig
+// to omit the entire section when empty
+func (p ProvidersConfig) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if p.IsEmpty() {
+		return []byte("null"), nil
+	}
+	type Alias ProvidersConfig
+	return json.Marshal((*Alias)(&p))
 }

 type ProviderConfig struct {
@ -191,6 +338,47 @@ type ProviderConfig struct {
 	ConnectMode string `json:"connect_mode,omitempty" env:"PICOCLAW_PROVIDERS_{{.Name}}_CONNECT_MODE"` //only for Github Copilot, `stdio` or `grpc`
 }

+type OpenAIProviderConfig struct {
+	ProviderConfig
+	WebSearch bool `json:"web_search" env:"PICOCLAW_PROVIDERS_OPENAI_WEB_SEARCH"`
+}
+
+// ModelConfig represents a model-centric provider configuration.
+// It allows adding new providers (especially OpenAI-compatible ones) via configuration only.
+// The model field uses protocol prefix format: [protocol/]model-identifier
+// Supported protocols: openai, anthropic, antigravity, claude-cli, codex-cli, github-copilot
+// Default protocol is "openai" if no prefix is specified.
+type ModelConfig struct {
+	// Required fields
+	ModelName string `json:"model_name"` // User-facing alias for the model
+	Model     string `json:"model"`      // Protocol/model-identifier (e.g., "openai/gpt-4o", "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6")
+
+	// HTTP-based providers
+	APIBase string `json:"api_base,omitempty"` // API endpoint URL
+	APIKey  string `json:"api_key"`            // API authentication key
+	Proxy   string `json:"proxy,omitempty"`    // HTTP proxy URL
+
+	// Special providers (CLI-based, OAuth, etc.)
+	AuthMethod  string `json:"auth_method,omitempty"`  // Authentication method: oauth, token
+	ConnectMode string `json:"connect_mode,omitempty"` // Connection mode: stdio, grpc
+	Workspace   string `json:"workspace,omitempty"`    // Workspace path for CLI-based providers
+
+	// Optional optimizations
+	RPM            int    `json:"rpm,omitempty"`              // Requests per minute limit
+	MaxTokensField string `json:"max_tokens_field,omitempty"` // Field name for max tokens (e.g., "max_completion_tokens")
+}
+
+// Validate checks if the ModelConfig has all required fields.
+func (c *ModelConfig) Validate() error {
+	if c.ModelName == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("model_name is required")
+	}
+	if c.Model == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("model is required")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type GatewayConfig struct {
 	Host string `json:"host" env:"PICOCLAW_GATEWAY_HOST"`
 	Port int    `json:"port" env:"PICOCLAW_GATEWAY_PORT"`
@ -223,137 +411,43 @@ type CronToolsConfig struct {
 	ExecTimeoutMinutes int `json:"exec_timeout_minutes" env:"PICOCLAW_TOOLS_CRON_EXEC_TIMEOUT_MINUTES"` // 0 means no timeout
 }

-type ToolsConfig struct {
-	Web  WebToolsConfig  `json:"web"`
-	Cron CronToolsConfig `json:"cron"`
+type ExecConfig struct {
+	EnableDenyPatterns bool     `json:"enable_deny_patterns" env:"PICOCLAW_TOOLS_EXEC_ENABLE_DENY_PATTERNS"`
+	CustomDenyPatterns []string `json:"custom_deny_patterns" env:"PICOCLAW_TOOLS_EXEC_CUSTOM_DENY_PATTERNS"`
 }

-func DefaultConfig() *Config {
-	return &Config{
-		Agents: AgentsConfig{
-			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
-				Workspace:           "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
-				RestrictToWorkspace: true,
-				Provider:            "",
-				Model:               "glm-4.7",
-				MaxTokens:           8192,
-				Temperature:         0.7,
-				MaxToolIterations:   20,
-			},
-		},
-		Channels: ChannelsConfig{
-			WhatsApp: WhatsAppConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				BridgeURL: "ws://localhost:3001",
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			Telegram: TelegramConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				Token:     "",
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			Feishu: FeishuConfig{
-				Enabled:           false,
-				AppID:             "",
-				AppSecret:         "",
-				EncryptKey:        "",
-				VerificationToken: "",
-				AllowFrom:         FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			Discord: DiscordConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				Token:     "",
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			MaixCam: MaixCamConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				Host:      "0.0.0.0",
-				Port:      18790,
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			QQ: QQConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				AppID:     "",
-				AppSecret: "",
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			DingTalk: DingTalkConfig{
-				Enabled:      false,
-				ClientID:     "",
-				ClientSecret: "",
-				AllowFrom:    FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			Slack: SlackConfig{
-				Enabled:   false,
-				BotToken:  "",
-				AppToken:  "",
-				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			LINE: LINEConfig{
-				Enabled:            false,
-				ChannelSecret:      "",
-				ChannelAccessToken: "",
-				WebhookHost:        "0.0.0.0",
-				WebhookPort:        18791,
-				WebhookPath:        "/webhook/line",
-				AllowFrom:          FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-			OneBot: OneBotConfig{
-				Enabled:            false,
-				WSUrl:              "ws://127.0.0.1:3001",
-				AccessToken:        "",
-				ReconnectInterval:  5,
-				GroupTriggerPrefix: []string{},
-				AllowFrom:          FlexibleStringSlice{},
-			},
-		},
-		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
-			Anthropic:    ProviderConfig{},
-			OpenAI:       ProviderConfig{},
-			OpenRouter:   ProviderConfig{},
-			Groq:         ProviderConfig{},
-			Zhipu:        ProviderConfig{},
-			VLLM:         ProviderConfig{},
-			Gemini:       ProviderConfig{},
-			Nvidia:       ProviderConfig{},
-			Moonshot:     ProviderConfig{},
-			ShengSuanYun: ProviderConfig{},
-			VolcEngine:   ProviderConfig{},
-		},
-		Gateway: GatewayConfig{
-			Host: "0.0.0.0",
-			Port: 18790,
-		},
-		Tools: ToolsConfig{
-			Web: WebToolsConfig{
-				Brave: BraveConfig{
-					Enabled:    false,
-					APIKey:     "",
-					MaxResults: 5,
-				},
-				DuckDuckGo: DuckDuckGoConfig{
-					Enabled:    true,
-					MaxResults: 5,
-				},
-				Perplexity: PerplexityConfig{
-					Enabled:    false,
-					APIKey:     "",
-					MaxResults: 5,
-				},
-			},
-			Cron: CronToolsConfig{
-				ExecTimeoutMinutes: 5, // default 5 minutes for LLM operations
-			},
-		},
-		Heartbeat: HeartbeatConfig{
-			Enabled:  true,
-			Interval: 30, // default 30 minutes
-		},
-		Devices: DevicesConfig{
-			Enabled:    false,
-			MonitorUSB: true,
-		},
-	}
+type ToolsConfig struct {
+	Web    WebToolsConfig    `json:"web"`
+	Cron   CronToolsConfig   `json:"cron"`
+	Exec   ExecConfig        `json:"exec"`
+	Skills SkillsToolsConfig `json:"skills"`
+}
+
+type SkillsToolsConfig struct {
+	Registries            SkillsRegistriesConfig `json:"registries"`
+	MaxConcurrentSearches int                    `json:"max_concurrent_searches" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_MAX_CONCURRENT_SEARCHES"`
+	SearchCache           SearchCacheConfig      `json:"search_cache"`
+}
+
+type SearchCacheConfig struct {
+	MaxSize    int `json:"max_size" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_SEARCH_CACHE_MAX_SIZE"`
+	TTLSeconds int `json:"ttl_seconds" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_SEARCH_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS"`
+}
+
+type SkillsRegistriesConfig struct {
+	ClawHub ClawHubRegistryConfig `json:"clawhub"`
+}
+
+type ClawHubRegistryConfig struct {
+	Enabled         bool   `json:"enabled" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_ENABLED"`
+	BaseURL         string `json:"base_url" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_BASE_URL"`
+	AuthToken       string `json:"auth_token" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_AUTH_TOKEN"`
+	SearchPath      string `json:"search_path" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_SEARCH_PATH"`
+	SkillsPath      string `json:"skills_path" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_SKILLS_PATH"`
+	DownloadPath    string `json:"download_path" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_DOWNLOAD_PATH"`
+	Timeout         int    `json:"timeout" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_TIMEOUT"`
+	MaxZipSize      int    `json:"max_zip_size" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_MAX_ZIP_SIZE"`
+	MaxResponseSize int    `json:"max_response_size" env:"PICOCLAW_SKILLS_REGISTRIES_CLAWHUB_MAX_RESPONSE_SIZE"`
 }

 func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
@ -375,13 +469,20 @@ func LoadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	// Auto-migrate: if only legacy providers config exists, convert to model_list
+	if len(cfg.ModelList) == 0 && cfg.HasProvidersConfig() {
+		cfg.ModelList = ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+	}
+
+	// Validate model_list for uniqueness and required fields
+	if err := cfg.ValidateModelList(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return cfg, nil
 }

 func SaveConfig(path string, cfg *Config) error {
-	cfg.mu.RLock()
-	defer cfg.mu.RUnlock()
-
 	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(cfg, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@ -396,14 +497,10 @@ func SaveConfig(path string, cfg *Config) error {
 }

 func (c *Config) WorkspacePath() string {
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
 	return expandHome(c.Agents.Defaults.Workspace)
 }

 func (c *Config) GetAPIKey() string {
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
 	if c.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
 		return c.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
 	}
@ -428,12 +525,13 @@ func (c *Config) GetAPIKey() string {
 	if c.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey != "" {
 		return c.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey
 	}
+	if c.Providers.Cerebras.APIKey != "" {
+		return c.Providers.Cerebras.APIKey
+	}
 	return ""
 }

 func (c *Config) GetAPIBase() string {
-	c.mu.RLock()
-	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
 	if c.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
 		if c.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
 			return c.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
@ -462,3 +560,65 @@ func expandHome(path string) string {
 	}
 	return path
 }
+
+// GetModelConfig returns the ModelConfig for the given model name.
+// If multiple configs exist with the same model_name, it uses round-robin
+// selection for load balancing. Returns an error if the model is not found.
+func (c *Config) GetModelConfig(modelName string) (*ModelConfig, error) {
+	matches := c.findMatches(modelName)
+	if len(matches) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("model %q not found in model_list or providers", modelName)
+	}
+	if len(matches) == 1 {
+		return &matches[0], nil
+	}
+
+	// Multiple configs - use round-robin for load balancing
+	idx := rrCounter.Add(1) % uint64(len(matches))
+	return &matches[idx], nil
+}
+
+// findMatches finds all ModelConfig entries with the given model_name.
+func (c *Config) findMatches(modelName string) []ModelConfig {
+	var matches []ModelConfig
+	for i := range c.ModelList {
+		if c.ModelList[i].ModelName == modelName {
+			matches = append(matches, c.ModelList[i])
+		}
+	}
+	return matches
+}
+
+// HasProvidersConfig checks if any provider in the old providers config has configuration.
+func (c *Config) HasProvidersConfig() bool {
+	v := c.Providers
+	return v.Anthropic.APIKey != "" || v.Anthropic.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.OpenAI.APIKey != "" || v.OpenAI.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" || v.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Groq.APIKey != "" || v.Groq.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Zhipu.APIKey != "" || v.Zhipu.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.VLLM.APIKey != "" || v.VLLM.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Gemini.APIKey != "" || v.Gemini.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Nvidia.APIKey != "" || v.Nvidia.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Ollama.APIKey != "" || v.Ollama.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Moonshot.APIKey != "" || v.Moonshot.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.ShengSuanYun.APIKey != "" || v.ShengSuanYun.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.DeepSeek.APIKey != "" || v.DeepSeek.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Cerebras.APIKey != "" || v.Cerebras.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.VolcEngine.APIKey != "" || v.VolcEngine.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.GitHubCopilot.APIKey != "" || v.GitHubCopilot.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Antigravity.APIKey != "" || v.Antigravity.APIBase != "" ||
+		v.Qwen.APIKey != "" || v.Qwen.APIBase != ""
+}
+
+// ValidateModelList validates all ModelConfig entries in the model_list.
+// It checks that each model config is valid.
+// Note: Multiple entries with the same model_name are allowed for load balancing.
+func (c *Config) ValidateModelList() error {
+	for i := range c.ModelList {
+		if err := c.ModelList[i].Validate(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("model_list[%d]: %w", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pkg/config/config_test.go
+++ b/pkg/config/config_test.go
@ -1,12 +1,193 @@
 package config

 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"testing"
 )

+func TestAgentModelConfig_UnmarshalString(t *testing.T) {
+	var m AgentModelConfig
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`"gpt-4"`), &m); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal string: %v", err)
+	}
+	if m.Primary != "gpt-4" {
+		t.Errorf("Primary = %q, want 'gpt-4'", m.Primary)
+	}
+	if m.Fallbacks != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Fallbacks = %v, want nil", m.Fallbacks)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentModelConfig_UnmarshalObject(t *testing.T) {
+	var m AgentModelConfig
+	data := `{"primary": "claude-opus", "fallbacks": ["gpt-4o-mini", "haiku"]}`
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &m); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal object: %v", err)
+	}
+	if m.Primary != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("Primary = %q, want 'claude-opus'", m.Primary)
+	}
+	if len(m.Fallbacks) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Fallbacks len = %d, want 2", len(m.Fallbacks))
+	}
+	if m.Fallbacks[0] != "gpt-4o-mini" || m.Fallbacks[1] != "haiku" {
+		t.Errorf("Fallbacks = %v", m.Fallbacks)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentModelConfig_MarshalString(t *testing.T) {
+	m := AgentModelConfig{Primary: "gpt-4"}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(m)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(data) != `"gpt-4"` {
+		t.Errorf("marshal = %s, want '\"gpt-4\"'", string(data))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentModelConfig_MarshalObject(t *testing.T) {
+	m := AgentModelConfig{Primary: "claude-opus", Fallbacks: []string{"haiku"}}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(m)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("marshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	var result map[string]interface{}
+	json.Unmarshal(data, &result)
+	if result["primary"] != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("primary = %v", result["primary"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAgentConfig_FullParse(t *testing.T) {
+	jsonData := `{
+		"agents": {
+			"defaults": {
+				"workspace": "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
+				"model": "glm-4.7",
+				"max_tokens": 8192,
+				"max_tool_iterations": 20
+			},
+			"list": [
+				{
+					"id": "sales",
+					"default": true,
+					"name": "Sales Bot",
+					"model": "gpt-4"
+				},
+				{
+					"id": "support",
+					"name": "Support Bot",
+					"model": {
+						"primary": "claude-opus",
+						"fallbacks": ["haiku"]
+					},
+					"subagents": {
+						"allow_agents": ["sales"]
+					}
+				}
+			]
+		},
+		"bindings": [
+			{
+				"agent_id": "support",
+				"match": {
+					"channel": "telegram",
+					"account_id": "*",
+					"peer": {"kind": "direct", "id": "user123"}
+				}
+			}
+		],
+		"session": {
+			"dm_scope": "per-peer",
+			"identity_links": {
+				"john": ["telegram:123", "discord:john#1234"]
+			}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonData), cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.Agents.List) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("agents.list len = %d, want 2", len(cfg.Agents.List))
+	}
+
+	sales := cfg.Agents.List[0]
+	if sales.ID != "sales" || !sales.Default || sales.Name != "Sales Bot" {
+		t.Errorf("sales = %+v", sales)
+	}
+	if sales.Model == nil || sales.Model.Primary != "gpt-4" {
+		t.Errorf("sales.Model = %+v", sales.Model)
+	}
+
+	support := cfg.Agents.List[1]
+	if support.ID != "support" || support.Name != "Support Bot" {
+		t.Errorf("support = %+v", support)
+	}
+	if support.Model == nil || support.Model.Primary != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("support.Model = %+v", support.Model)
+	}
+	if len(support.Model.Fallbacks) != 1 || support.Model.Fallbacks[0] != "haiku" {
+		t.Errorf("support.Model.Fallbacks = %v", support.Model.Fallbacks)
+	}
+	if support.Subagents == nil || len(support.Subagents.AllowAgents) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("support.Subagents = %+v", support.Subagents)
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.Bindings) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("bindings len = %d, want 1", len(cfg.Bindings))
+	}
+	binding := cfg.Bindings[0]
+	if binding.AgentID != "support" || binding.Match.Channel != "telegram" {
+		t.Errorf("binding = %+v", binding)
+	}
+	if binding.Match.Peer == nil || binding.Match.Peer.Kind != "direct" || binding.Match.Peer.ID != "user123" {
+		t.Errorf("binding.Match.Peer = %+v", binding.Match.Peer)
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Session.DMScope != "per-peer" {
+		t.Errorf("Session.DMScope = %q", cfg.Session.DMScope)
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Session.IdentityLinks) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Session.IdentityLinks = %v", cfg.Session.IdentityLinks)
+	}
+	links := cfg.Session.IdentityLinks["john"]
+	if len(links) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("john links = %v", links)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_BackwardCompat_NoAgentsList(t *testing.T) {
+	jsonData := `{
+		"agents": {
+			"defaults": {
+				"workspace": "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
+				"model": "glm-4.7",
+				"max_tokens": 8192,
+				"max_tool_iterations": 20
+			}
+		}
+	}`
+
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonData), cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(cfg.Agents.List) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("agents.list should be empty for backward compat, got %d", len(cfg.Agents.List))
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Bindings) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("bindings should be empty, got %d", len(cfg.Bindings))
+	}
+}
+
 // TestDefaultConfig_HeartbeatEnabled verifies heartbeat is enabled by default
 func TestDefaultConfig_HeartbeatEnabled(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()
@ -20,8 +201,6 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_HeartbeatEnabled(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDefaultConfig_WorkspacePath(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()

-	// Just verify the workspace is set, don't compare exact paths
-	// since expandHome behavior may differ based on environment
 	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace == "" {
 		t.Error("Workspace should not be empty")
 	}
@ -58,8 +237,8 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_MaxToolIterations(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDefaultConfig_Temperature(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()

-	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature == 0 {
-		t.Error("Temperature should not be zero")
+	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature != nil {
+		t.Error("Temperature should be nil when not provided")
 	}
 }

@ -79,7 +258,6 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_Gateway(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDefaultConfig_Providers(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()

-	// Verify all providers are empty by default
 	if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != "" {
 		t.Error("Anthropic API key should be empty by default")
 	}
@ -89,46 +267,18 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_Providers(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
 		t.Error("OpenRouter API key should be empty by default")
 	}
-	if cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "" {
-		t.Error("Groq API key should be empty by default")
-	}
-	if cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != "" {
-		t.Error("Zhipu API key should be empty by default")
-	}
-	if cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIKey != "" {
-		t.Error("VLLM API key should be empty by default")
-	}
-	if cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != "" {
-		t.Error("Gemini API key should be empty by default")
-	}
 }

 // TestDefaultConfig_Channels verifies channels are disabled by default
 func TestDefaultConfig_Channels(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()

-	// Verify all channels are disabled by default
-	if cfg.Channels.WhatsApp.Enabled {
-		t.Error("WhatsApp should be disabled by default")
-	}
 	if cfg.Channels.Telegram.Enabled {
 		t.Error("Telegram should be disabled by default")
 	}
-	if cfg.Channels.Feishu.Enabled {
-		t.Error("Feishu should be disabled by default")
-	}
 	if cfg.Channels.Discord.Enabled {
 		t.Error("Discord should be disabled by default")
 	}
-	if cfg.Channels.MaixCam.Enabled {
-		t.Error("MaixCam should be disabled by default")
-	}
-	if cfg.Channels.QQ.Enabled {
-		t.Error("QQ should be disabled by default")
-	}
-	if cfg.Channels.DingTalk.Enabled {
-		t.Error("DingTalk should be disabled by default")
-	}
 	if cfg.Channels.Slack.Enabled {
 		t.Error("Slack should be disabled by default")
 	}
@ -178,15 +328,14 @@ func TestSaveConfig_FilePermissions(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConfig_Complete(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := DefaultConfig()

-	// Verify complete config structure
 	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace == "" {
 		t.Error("Workspace should not be empty")
 	}
 	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model == "" {
 		t.Error("Model should not be empty")
 	}
-	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature == 0 {
-		t.Error("Temperature should have default value")
+	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature != nil {
+		t.Error("Temperature should be nil when not provided")
 	}
 	if cfg.Agents.Defaults.MaxTokens == 0 {
 		t.Error("MaxTokens should not be zero")
@ -204,3 +353,42 @@ func TestConfig_Complete(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Heartbeat should be enabled by default")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestDefaultConfig_OpenAIWebSearchEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	if !cfg.Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch {
+		t.Fatal("DefaultConfig().Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch should be true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfig_OpenAIWebSearchDefaultsTrueWhenUnset(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"providers":{"openai":{"api_base":""}}}`), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfig(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadConfig() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !cfg.Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch {
+		t.Fatal("OpenAI codex web search should remain true when unset in config file")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfig_OpenAIWebSearchCanBeDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	configPath := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(`{"providers":{"openai":{"web_search":false}}}`), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfig(configPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LoadConfig() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch {
+		t.Fatal("OpenAI codex web search should be false when disabled in config file")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/config/defaults.go
+++ b/pkg/config/defaults.go
@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package config
+
+// DefaultConfig returns the default configuration for PicoClaw.
+func DefaultConfig() *Config {
+	return &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace:           "~/.picoclaw/workspace",
+				RestrictToWorkspace: true,
+				Provider:            "",
+				Model:               "glm-4.7",
+				MaxTokens:           8192,
+				Temperature:         nil, // nil means use provider default
+				MaxToolIterations:   20,
+			},
+		},
+		Bindings: []AgentBinding{},
+		Session: SessionConfig{
+			DMScope: "main",
+		},
+		Channels: ChannelsConfig{
+			WhatsApp: WhatsAppConfig{
+				Enabled:   false,
+				BridgeURL: "ws://localhost:3001",
+				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			Telegram: TelegramConfig{
+				Enabled:   false,
+				Token:     "",
+				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			Feishu: FeishuConfig{
+				Enabled:           false,
+				AppID:             "",
+				AppSecret:         "",
+				EncryptKey:        "",
+				VerificationToken: "",
+				AllowFrom:         FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			Discord: DiscordConfig{
+				Enabled:     false,
+				Token:       "",
+				AllowFrom:   FlexibleStringSlice{},
+				MentionOnly: false,
+			},
+			MaixCam: MaixCamConfig{
+				Enabled:   false,
+				Host:      "0.0.0.0",
+				Port:      18790,
+				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			QQ: QQConfig{
+				Enabled:   false,
+				AppID:     "",
+				AppSecret: "",
+				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			DingTalk: DingTalkConfig{
+				Enabled:      false,
+				ClientID:     "",
+				ClientSecret: "",
+				AllowFrom:    FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			Slack: SlackConfig{
+				Enabled:   false,
+				BotToken:  "",
+				AppToken:  "",
+				AllowFrom: FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			LINE: LINEConfig{
+				Enabled:            false,
+				ChannelSecret:      "",
+				ChannelAccessToken: "",
+				WebhookHost:        "0.0.0.0",
+				WebhookPort:        18791,
+				WebhookPath:        "/webhook/line",
+				AllowFrom:          FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+			OneBot: OneBotConfig{
+				Enabled:            false,
+				WSUrl:              "ws://127.0.0.1:3001",
+				AccessToken:        "",
+				ReconnectInterval:  5,
+				GroupTriggerPrefix: []string{},
+				AllowFrom:          FlexibleStringSlice{},
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{WebSearch: true},
+		},
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+			// ============================================
+			// Add your API key to the model you want to use
+			// ============================================
+
+			// Zhipu AI (智谱) - https://open.bigmodel.cn/usercenter/apikeys
+			{
+				ModelName: "glm-4.7",
+				Model:     "zhipu/glm-4.7",
+				APIBase:   "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// OpenAI - https://platform.openai.com/api-keys
+			{
+				ModelName: "gpt-5.2",
+				Model:     "openai/gpt-5.2",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.openai.com/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Anthropic Claude - https://console.anthropic.com/settings/keys
+			{
+				ModelName: "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+				Model:     "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.anthropic.com/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// DeepSeek - https://platform.deepseek.com/
+			{
+				ModelName: "deepseek-chat",
+				Model:     "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.deepseek.com/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Google Gemini - https://ai.google.dev/
+			{
+				ModelName: "gemini-2.0-flash",
+				Model:     "gemini/gemini-2.0-flash-exp",
+				APIBase:   "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Qwen (通义千问) - https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com/apiKey
+			{
+				ModelName: "qwen-plus",
+				Model:     "qwen/qwen-plus",
+				APIBase:   "https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Moonshot (月之暗面) - https://platform.moonshot.cn/console/api-keys
+			{
+				ModelName: "moonshot-v1-8k",
+				Model:     "moonshot/moonshot-v1-8k",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Groq - https://console.groq.com/keys
+			{
+				ModelName: "llama-3.3-70b",
+				Model:     "groq/llama-3.3-70b-versatile",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// OpenRouter (100+ models) - https://openrouter.ai/keys
+			{
+				ModelName: "openrouter-auto",
+				Model:     "openrouter/auto",
+				APIBase:   "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+			{
+				ModelName: "openrouter-gpt-5.2",
+				Model:     "openrouter/openai/gpt-5.2",
+				APIBase:   "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// NVIDIA - https://build.nvidia.com/
+			{
+				ModelName: "nemotron-4-340b",
+				Model:     "nvidia/nemotron-4-340b-instruct",
+				APIBase:   "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Cerebras - https://inference.cerebras.ai/
+			{
+				ModelName: "cerebras-llama-3.3-70b",
+				Model:     "cerebras/llama-3.3-70b",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.cerebras.ai/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Volcengine (火山引擎) - https://console.volcengine.com/ark
+			{
+				ModelName: "doubao-pro",
+				Model:     "volcengine/doubao-pro-32k",
+				APIBase:   "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// ShengsuanYun (神算云)
+			{
+				ModelName: "deepseek-v3",
+				Model:     "shengsuanyun/deepseek-v3",
+				APIBase:   "https://api.shengsuanyun.com/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+
+			// Antigravity (Google Cloud Code Assist) - OAuth only
+			{
+				ModelName:  "gemini-flash",
+				Model:      "antigravity/gemini-3-flash",
+				AuthMethod: "oauth",
+			},
+
+			// GitHub Copilot - https://github.com/settings/tokens
+			{
+				ModelName:  "copilot-gpt-5.2",
+				Model:      "github-copilot/gpt-5.2",
+				APIBase:    "http://localhost:4321",
+				AuthMethod: "oauth",
+			},
+
+			// Ollama (local) - https://ollama.com
+			{
+				ModelName: "llama3",
+				Model:     "ollama/llama3",
+				APIBase:   "http://localhost:11434/v1",
+				APIKey:    "ollama",
+			},
+
+			// VLLM (local) - http://localhost:8000
+			{
+				ModelName: "local-model",
+				Model:     "vllm/custom-model",
+				APIBase:   "http://localhost:8000/v1",
+				APIKey:    "",
+			},
+		},
+		Gateway: GatewayConfig{
+			Host: "0.0.0.0",
+			Port: 18790,
+		},
+		Tools: ToolsConfig{
+			Web: WebToolsConfig{
+				Brave: BraveConfig{
+					Enabled:    false,
+					APIKey:     "",
+					MaxResults: 5,
+				},
+				DuckDuckGo: DuckDuckGoConfig{
+					Enabled:    true,
+					MaxResults: 5,
+				},
+				Perplexity: PerplexityConfig{
+					Enabled:    false,
+					APIKey:     "",
+					MaxResults: 5,
+				},
+			},
+			Cron: CronToolsConfig{
+				ExecTimeoutMinutes: 5,
+			},
+			Exec: ExecConfig{
+				EnableDenyPatterns: true,
+			},
+			Skills: SkillsToolsConfig{
+				Registries: SkillsRegistriesConfig{
+					ClawHub: ClawHubRegistryConfig{
+						Enabled: true,
+						BaseURL: "https://clawhub.ai",
+					},
+				},
+				MaxConcurrentSearches: 2,
+				SearchCache: SearchCacheConfig{
+					MaxSize:    50,
+					TTLSeconds: 300,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Heartbeat: HeartbeatConfig{
+			Enabled:  true,
+			Interval: 30,
+		},
+		Devices: DevicesConfig{
+			Enabled:    false,
+			MonitorUSB: true,
+		},
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/config/migration.go
+++ b/pkg/config/migration.go
@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// buildModelWithProtocol constructs a model string with protocol prefix.
+// If the model already contains a "/" (indicating it has a protocol prefix), it is returned as-is.
+// Otherwise, the protocol prefix is added.
+func buildModelWithProtocol(protocol, model string) string {
+	if strings.Contains(model, "/") {
+		// Model already has a protocol prefix, return as-is
+		return model
+	}
+	return protocol + "/" + model
+}
+
+// providerMigrationConfig defines how to migrate a provider from old config to new format.
+type providerMigrationConfig struct {
+	// providerNames are the possible names used in agents.defaults.provider
+	providerNames []string
+	// protocol is the protocol prefix for the model field
+	protocol string
+	// buildConfig creates the ModelConfig from ProviderConfig
+	buildConfig func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool)
+}
+
+// ConvertProvidersToModelList converts the old ProvidersConfig to a slice of ModelConfig.
+// This enables backward compatibility with existing configurations.
+// It preserves the user's configured model from agents.defaults.model when possible.
+func ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg *Config) []ModelConfig {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Get user's configured provider and model
+	userProvider := strings.ToLower(cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider)
+	userModel := cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model
+
+	p := cfg.Providers
+
+	var result []ModelConfig
+
+	// Track if we've applied the legacy model name fix (only for first provider)
+	legacyModelNameApplied := false
+
+	// Define migration rules for each provider
+	migrations := []providerMigrationConfig{
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"openai", "gpt"},
+			protocol:      "openai",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.OpenAI.APIKey == "" && p.OpenAI.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:  "openai",
+					Model:      "openai/gpt-5.2",
+					APIKey:     p.OpenAI.APIKey,
+					APIBase:    p.OpenAI.APIBase,
+					Proxy:      p.OpenAI.Proxy,
+					AuthMethod: p.OpenAI.AuthMethod,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"anthropic", "claude"},
+			protocol:      "anthropic",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Anthropic.APIKey == "" && p.Anthropic.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:  "anthropic",
+					Model:      "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+					APIKey:     p.Anthropic.APIKey,
+					APIBase:    p.Anthropic.APIBase,
+					Proxy:      p.Anthropic.Proxy,
+					AuthMethod: p.Anthropic.AuthMethod,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"openrouter"},
+			protocol:      "openrouter",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.OpenRouter.APIKey == "" && p.OpenRouter.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "openrouter",
+					Model:     "openrouter/auto",
+					APIKey:    p.OpenRouter.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.OpenRouter.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.OpenRouter.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"groq"},
+			protocol:      "groq",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Groq.APIKey == "" && p.Groq.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "groq",
+					Model:     "groq/llama-3.1-70b-versatile",
+					APIKey:    p.Groq.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Groq.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Groq.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"zhipu", "glm"},
+			protocol:      "zhipu",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Zhipu.APIKey == "" && p.Zhipu.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "zhipu",
+					Model:     "zhipu/glm-4",
+					APIKey:    p.Zhipu.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Zhipu.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Zhipu.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"vllm"},
+			protocol:      "vllm",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.VLLM.APIKey == "" && p.VLLM.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "vllm",
+					Model:     "vllm/auto",
+					APIKey:    p.VLLM.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.VLLM.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.VLLM.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"gemini", "google"},
+			protocol:      "gemini",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Gemini.APIKey == "" && p.Gemini.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "gemini",
+					Model:     "gemini/gemini-pro",
+					APIKey:    p.Gemini.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Gemini.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Gemini.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"nvidia"},
+			protocol:      "nvidia",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Nvidia.APIKey == "" && p.Nvidia.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "nvidia",
+					Model:     "nvidia/meta/llama-3.1-8b-instruct",
+					APIKey:    p.Nvidia.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Nvidia.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Nvidia.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"ollama"},
+			protocol:      "ollama",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Ollama.APIKey == "" && p.Ollama.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "ollama",
+					Model:     "ollama/llama3",
+					APIKey:    p.Ollama.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Ollama.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Ollama.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"moonshot", "kimi"},
+			protocol:      "moonshot",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Moonshot.APIKey == "" && p.Moonshot.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "moonshot",
+					Model:     "moonshot/kimi",
+					APIKey:    p.Moonshot.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Moonshot.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Moonshot.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"shengsuanyun"},
+			protocol:      "shengsuanyun",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.ShengSuanYun.APIKey == "" && p.ShengSuanYun.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "shengsuanyun",
+					Model:     "shengsuanyun/auto",
+					APIKey:    p.ShengSuanYun.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.ShengSuanYun.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.ShengSuanYun.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"deepseek"},
+			protocol:      "deepseek",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.DeepSeek.APIKey == "" && p.DeepSeek.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "deepseek",
+					Model:     "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+					APIKey:    p.DeepSeek.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.DeepSeek.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.DeepSeek.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"cerebras"},
+			protocol:      "cerebras",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Cerebras.APIKey == "" && p.Cerebras.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "cerebras",
+					Model:     "cerebras/llama-3.3-70b",
+					APIKey:    p.Cerebras.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Cerebras.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Cerebras.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"volcengine", "doubao"},
+			protocol:      "volcengine",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.VolcEngine.APIKey == "" && p.VolcEngine.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "volcengine",
+					Model:     "volcengine/doubao-pro",
+					APIKey:    p.VolcEngine.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.VolcEngine.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.VolcEngine.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"github_copilot", "copilot"},
+			protocol:      "github-copilot",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.GitHubCopilot.APIKey == "" && p.GitHubCopilot.APIBase == "" && p.GitHubCopilot.ConnectMode == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:   "github-copilot",
+					Model:       "github-copilot/gpt-5.2",
+					APIBase:     p.GitHubCopilot.APIBase,
+					ConnectMode: p.GitHubCopilot.ConnectMode,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"antigravity"},
+			protocol:      "antigravity",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Antigravity.APIKey == "" && p.Antigravity.AuthMethod == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName:  "antigravity",
+					Model:      "antigravity/gemini-2.0-flash",
+					APIKey:     p.Antigravity.APIKey,
+					AuthMethod: p.Antigravity.AuthMethod,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			providerNames: []string{"qwen", "tongyi"},
+			protocol:      "qwen",
+			buildConfig: func(p ProvidersConfig) (ModelConfig, bool) {
+				if p.Qwen.APIKey == "" && p.Qwen.APIBase == "" {
+					return ModelConfig{}, false
+				}
+				return ModelConfig{
+					ModelName: "qwen",
+					Model:     "qwen/qwen-max",
+					APIKey:    p.Qwen.APIKey,
+					APIBase:   p.Qwen.APIBase,
+					Proxy:     p.Qwen.Proxy,
+				}, true
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Process each provider migration
+	for _, m := range migrations {
+		mc, ok := m.buildConfig(p)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check if this is the user's configured provider
+		if slices.Contains(m.providerNames, userProvider) && userModel != "" {
+			// Use the user's configured model instead of default
+			mc.Model = buildModelWithProtocol(m.protocol, userModel)
+		} else if userProvider == "" && userModel != "" && !legacyModelNameApplied {
+			// Legacy config: no explicit provider field but model is specified
+			// Use userModel as ModelName for the FIRST provider so GetModelConfig(model) can find it
+			// This maintains backward compatibility with old configs that relied on implicit provider selection
+			mc.ModelName = userModel
+			mc.Model = buildModelWithProtocol(m.protocol, userModel)
+			legacyModelNameApplied = true
+		}
+
+		result = append(result, mc)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
--- a/pkg/config/migration_test.go
+++ b/pkg/config/migration_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_OpenAI(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{
+				ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{
+					APIKey:  "sk-test-key",
+					APIBase: "https://custom.api.com/v1",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].ModelName != "openai" {
+		t.Errorf("ModelName = %q, want %q", result[0].ModelName, "openai")
+	}
+	if result[0].Model != "openai/gpt-5.2" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "openai/gpt-5.2")
+	}
+	if result[0].APIKey != "sk-test-key" {
+		t.Errorf("APIKey = %q, want %q", result[0].APIKey, "sk-test-key")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Anthropic(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			Anthropic: ProviderConfig{
+				APIKey:  "ant-key",
+				APIBase: "https://custom.anthropic.com",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].ModelName != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("ModelName = %q, want %q", result[0].ModelName, "anthropic")
+	}
+	if result[0].Model != "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "openai-key"}},
+			Groq:   ProviderConfig{APIKey: "groq-key"},
+			Zhipu:  ProviderConfig{APIKey: "zhipu-key"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 3", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// Check that all providers are present
+	found := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, mc := range result {
+		found[mc.ModelName] = true
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{"openai", "groq", "zhipu"} {
+		if !found[name] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing provider %q in result", name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("len(result) = %d, want 0", len(result))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Nil(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(nil)
+
+	if result != nil {
+		t.Errorf("result = %v, want nil", result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_AllProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI:        OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key1"}},
+			Anthropic:     ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key2"},
+			OpenRouter:    ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key3"},
+			Groq:          ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key4"},
+			Zhipu:         ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key5"},
+			VLLM:          ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key6"},
+			Gemini:        ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key7"},
+			Nvidia:        ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key8"},
+			Ollama:        ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key9"},
+			Moonshot:      ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key10"},
+			ShengSuanYun:  ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key11"},
+			DeepSeek:      ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key12"},
+			Cerebras:      ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key13"},
+			VolcEngine:    ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key14"},
+			GitHubCopilot: ProviderConfig{ConnectMode: "grpc"},
+			Antigravity:   ProviderConfig{AuthMethod: "oauth"},
+			Qwen:          ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key17"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	// All 17 providers should be converted
+	if len(result) != 17 {
+		t.Errorf("len(result) = %d, want 17", len(result))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_Proxy(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{
+				ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{
+					APIKey: "key",
+					Proxy:  "http://proxy:8080",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].Proxy != "http://proxy:8080" {
+		t.Errorf("Proxy = %q, want %q", result[0].Proxy, "http://proxy:8080")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_AuthMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{
+				ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{
+					AuthMethod: "oauth",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("len(result) = %d, want 0 (AuthMethod alone should not create entry)", len(result))
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests for preserving user's configured model during migration
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_PreservesUserModel_DeepSeek(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "deepseek",
+				Model:    "deepseek-reasoner",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			DeepSeek: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-deepseek"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// Should use user's model, not default
+	if result[0].Model != "deepseek/deepseek-reasoner" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q (user's configured model)", result[0].Model, "deepseek/deepseek-reasoner")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_PreservesUserModel_OpenAI(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "openai",
+				Model:    "gpt-4-turbo",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-openai"}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].Model != "openai/gpt-4-turbo" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "openai/gpt-4-turbo")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_PreservesUserModel_Anthropic(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "claude", // alternative name
+				Model:    "claude-opus-4-20250514",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			Anthropic: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-ant"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].Model != "anthropic/claude-opus-4-20250514" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "anthropic/claude-opus-4-20250514")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_PreservesUserModel_Qwen(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "qwen",
+				Model:    "qwen-plus",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			Qwen: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-qwen"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	if result[0].Model != "qwen/qwen-plus" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "qwen/qwen-plus")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_UsesDefaultWhenNoUserModel(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "deepseek",
+				Model:    "", // no model specified
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			DeepSeek: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-deepseek"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// Should use default model
+	if result[0].Model != "deepseek/deepseek-chat" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q (default)", result[0].Model, "deepseek/deepseek-chat")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_MultipleProviders_PreservesUserModel(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "deepseek",
+				Model:    "deepseek-reasoner",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI:   OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-openai"}},
+			DeepSeek: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-deepseek"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 2", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// Find each provider and verify model
+	for _, mc := range result {
+		switch mc.ModelName {
+		case "openai":
+			if mc.Model != "openai/gpt-5.2" {
+				t.Errorf("OpenAI Model = %q, want %q (default)", mc.Model, "openai/gpt-5.2")
+			}
+		case "deepseek":
+			if mc.Model != "deepseek/deepseek-reasoner" {
+				t.Errorf("DeepSeek Model = %q, want %q (user's)", mc.Model, "deepseek/deepseek-reasoner")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_ProviderNameAliases(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		providerAlias string
+		expectedModel string
+		provider      ProviderConfig
+	}{
+		{"gpt", "openai/gpt-4-custom", ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key"}},
+		{"claude", "anthropic/claude-custom", ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key"}},
+		{"doubao", "volcengine/doubao-custom", ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key"}},
+		{"tongyi", "qwen/qwen-custom", ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key"}},
+		{"kimi", "moonshot/kimi-custom", ProviderConfig{APIKey: "key"}},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.providerAlias, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &Config{
+				Agents: AgentsConfig{
+					Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+						Provider: tt.providerAlias,
+						Model:    strings.TrimPrefix(tt.expectedModel, tt.expectedModel[:strings.Index(tt.expectedModel, "/")+1]),
+					},
+				},
+				Providers: ProvidersConfig{},
+			}
+
+			// Set the appropriate provider config
+			switch tt.providerAlias {
+			case "gpt":
+				cfg.Providers.OpenAI = OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: tt.provider}
+			case "claude":
+				cfg.Providers.Anthropic = tt.provider
+			case "doubao":
+				cfg.Providers.VolcEngine = tt.provider
+			case "tongyi":
+				cfg.Providers.Qwen = tt.provider
+			case "kimi":
+				cfg.Providers.Moonshot = tt.provider
+			}
+
+			// Need to fix the model name in config
+			cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = strings.TrimPrefix(tt.expectedModel, tt.expectedModel[:strings.Index(tt.expectedModel, "/")+1])
+
+			result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+			if len(result) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+			}
+
+			// Extract just the model ID part (after the first /)
+			expectedModelID := tt.expectedModel
+			if result[0].Model != expectedModelID {
+				t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, expectedModelID)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Test for backward compatibility: single provider without explicit provider field
+// This matches the legacy config pattern where users only set model, not provider
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_NoProviderField_SingleProvider(t *testing.T) {
+	// This matches the user's actual config:
+	// - No provider field set
+	// - model = "glm-4.7"
+	// - Only zhipu has API key configured
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "", // Not set
+				Model:    "glm-4.7",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			Zhipu: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "test-zhipu-key"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// ModelName should be the user's model value for backward compatibility
+	if result[0].ModelName != "glm-4.7" {
+		t.Errorf("ModelName = %q, want %q (user's model for backward compatibility)", result[0].ModelName, "glm-4.7")
+	}
+
+	// Model should use the user's model with protocol prefix
+	if result[0].Model != "zhipu/glm-4.7" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result[0].Model, "zhipu/glm-4.7")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_NoProviderField_MultipleProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	// When multiple providers are configured but no provider field is set,
+	// the FIRST provider (in migration order) will use userModel as ModelName
+	// for backward compatibility with legacy implicit provider selection
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "", // Not set
+				Model:    "some-model",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenAI: OpenAIProviderConfig{ProviderConfig: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "openai-key"}},
+			Zhipu:  ProviderConfig{APIKey: "zhipu-key"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 2", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// The first provider (OpenAI in migration order) should use userModel as ModelName
+	// This ensures GetModelConfig("some-model") will find it
+	if result[0].ModelName != "some-model" {
+		t.Errorf("First provider ModelName = %q, want %q", result[0].ModelName, "some-model")
+	}
+
+	// Other providers should use provider name as ModelName
+	if result[1].ModelName != "zhipu" {
+		t.Errorf("Second provider ModelName = %q, want %q", result[1].ModelName, "zhipu")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_NoProviderField_NoModel(t *testing.T) {
+	// Edge case: no provider, no model
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "",
+				Model:    "",
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			Zhipu: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "zhipu-key"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// Should use default provider name since no model is specified
+	if result[0].ModelName != "zhipu" {
+		t.Errorf("ModelName = %q, want %q", result[0].ModelName, "zhipu")
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests for buildModelWithProtocol helper function
+
+func TestBuildModelWithProtocol_NoPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	result := buildModelWithProtocol("openai", "gpt-5.2")
+	if result != "openai/gpt-5.2" {
+		t.Errorf("buildModelWithProtocol(openai, gpt-5.2) = %q, want %q", result, "openai/gpt-5.2")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildModelWithProtocol_AlreadyHasPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	result := buildModelWithProtocol("openrouter", "openrouter/auto")
+	if result != "openrouter/auto" {
+		t.Errorf("buildModelWithProtocol(openrouter, openrouter/auto) = %q, want %q", result, "openrouter/auto")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildModelWithProtocol_DifferentPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	result := buildModelWithProtocol("anthropic", "openrouter/claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	if result != "openrouter/claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("buildModelWithProtocol(anthropic, openrouter/claude-sonnet-4.6) = %q, want %q", result, "openrouter/claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+}
+
+// Test for legacy config with protocol prefix in model name
+func TestConvertProvidersToModelList_LegacyModelWithProtocolPrefix(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		Agents: AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
+				Provider: "",                // No explicit provider
+				Model:    "openrouter/auto", // Model already has protocol prefix
+			},
+		},
+		Providers: ProvidersConfig{
+			OpenRouter: ProviderConfig{APIKey: "sk-or-test"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result := ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+
+	if len(result) < 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(result) = %d, want at least 1", len(result))
+	}
+
+	// First provider should use userModel as ModelName for backward compatibility
+	if result[0].ModelName != "openrouter/auto" {
+		t.Errorf("ModelName = %q, want %q", result[0].ModelName, "openrouter/auto")
+	}
+
+	// Model should NOT have duplicated prefix
+	if result[0].Model != "openrouter/auto" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q (should not duplicate prefix)", result[0].Model, "openrouter/auto")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/config/model_config_test.go
+++ b/pkg/config/model_config_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestGetModelConfig_Found(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+			{ModelName: "test-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o", APIKey: "key1"},
+			{ModelName: "other-model", Model: "anthropic/claude", APIKey: "key2"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	result, err := cfg.GetModelConfig("test-model")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetModelConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Model != "openai/gpt-4o" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", result.Model, "openai/gpt-4o")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetModelConfig_NotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+			{ModelName: "test-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o", APIKey: "key1"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := cfg.GetModelConfig("nonexistent")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("GetModelConfig() expected error for nonexistent model")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetModelConfig_EmptyList(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{},
+	}
+
+	_, err := cfg.GetModelConfig("any-model")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("GetModelConfig() expected error for empty model list")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetModelConfig_RoundRobin(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+			{ModelName: "lb-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o-1", APIKey: "key1"},
+			{ModelName: "lb-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o-2", APIKey: "key2"},
+			{ModelName: "lb-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o-3", APIKey: "key3"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Test round-robin distribution
+	results := make(map[string]int)
+	for i := 0; i < 30; i++ {
+		result, err := cfg.GetModelConfig("lb-model")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetModelConfig() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		results[result.Model]++
+	}
+
+	// Each model should appear roughly 10 times (30 calls / 3 models)
+	for model, count := range results {
+		if count < 5 || count > 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Model %s appeared %d times, expected ~10", model, count)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetModelConfig_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &Config{
+		ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+			{ModelName: "concurrent-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o-1", APIKey: "key1"},
+			{ModelName: "concurrent-model", Model: "openai/gpt-4o-2", APIKey: "key2"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	const goroutines = 100
+	const iterations = 10
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	errors := make(chan error, goroutines*iterations)
+
+	for i := 0; i < goroutines; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for j := 0; j < iterations; j++ {
+				_, err := cfg.GetModelConfig("concurrent-model")
+				if err != nil {
+					errors <- err
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	close(errors)
+
+	for err := range errors {
+		t.Errorf("Concurrent GetModelConfig() error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestModelConfig_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		config  ModelConfig
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			config: ModelConfig{
+				ModelName: "test",
+				Model:     "openai/gpt-4o",
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing model_name",
+			config: ModelConfig{
+				Model: "openai/gpt-4o",
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing model",
+			config: ModelConfig{
+				ModelName: "test",
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty config",
+			config:  ModelConfig{},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := tt.config.Validate()
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("Validate() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ValidateModelList(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		config  *Config
+		wantErr bool
+		errMsg  string // partial error message to check
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid list",
+			config: &Config{
+				ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+					{ModelName: "test1", Model: "openai/gpt-4o"},
+					{ModelName: "test2", Model: "anthropic/claude"},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid entry",
+			config: &Config{
+				ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+					{ModelName: "test1", Model: "openai/gpt-4o"},
+					{ModelName: "", Model: "anthropic/claude"}, // missing model_name
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: true,
+			errMsg:  "model_name is required",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "empty list",
+			config: &Config{
+				ModelList: []ModelConfig{},
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		{
+			// Load balancing: multiple entries with same model_name are allowed
+			name: "duplicate model_name for load balancing",
+			config: &Config{
+				ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+					{ModelName: "gpt-4", Model: "openai/gpt-4o", APIKey: "key1"},
+					{ModelName: "gpt-4", Model: "openai/gpt-4-turbo", APIKey: "key2"},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false, // Changed: duplicates are allowed for load balancing
+		},
+		{
+			// Load balancing: non-adjacent entries with same model_name are also allowed
+			name: "duplicate model_name non-adjacent for load balancing",
+			config: &Config{
+				ModelList: []ModelConfig{
+					{ModelName: "model-a", Model: "openai/gpt-4o"},
+					{ModelName: "model-b", Model: "anthropic/claude"},
+					{ModelName: "model-a", Model: "openai/gpt-4-turbo"},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: false, // Changed: duplicates are allowed for load balancing
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := tt.config.ValidateModelList()
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("ValidateModelList() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+			if err != nil && tt.errMsg != "" {
+				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.errMsg) {
+					t.Errorf("ValidateModelList() error = %v, want error containing %q", err, tt.errMsg)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/constants/channels.go
+++ b/pkg/constants/channels.go
@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 // Package constants provides shared constants across the codebase.
 package constants

-// InternalChannels defines channels that are used for internal communication
+// internalChannels defines channels that are used for internal communication
 // and should not be exposed to external users or recorded as last active channel.
-var InternalChannels = map[string]bool{
-	"cli":      true,
-	"system":   true,
-	"subagent": true,
+var internalChannels = map[string]struct{}{
+	"cli":      {},
+	"system":   {},
+	"subagent": {},
 }

 // IsInternalChannel returns true if the channel is an internal channel.
 func IsInternalChannel(channel string) bool {
-	return InternalChannels[channel]
+	_, found := internalChannels[channel]
+	return found
 }
--- a/pkg/migrate/config.go
+++ b/pkg/migrate/config.go
@ -12,13 +12,16 @@ import (
 )

 var supportedProviders = map[string]bool{
-	"anthropic":  true,
-	"openai":     true,
-	"openrouter": true,
-	"groq":       true,
-	"zhipu":      true,
-	"vllm":       true,
-	"gemini":     true,
+	"anthropic":      true,
+	"openai":         true,
+	"openrouter":     true,
+	"groq":           true,
+	"zhipu":          true,
+	"vllm":           true,
+	"gemini":         true,
+	"qwen":           true,
+	"deepseek":       true,
+	"github_copilot": true,
 }

 var supportedChannels = map[string]bool{
@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ func ConvertConfig(data map[string]interface{}) (*config.Config, []string, error
 				cfg.Agents.Defaults.MaxTokens = int(v)
 			}
 			if v, ok := getFloat(defaults, "temperature"); ok {
-				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature = v
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature = &v
 			}
 			if v, ok := getFloat(defaults, "max_tool_iterations"); ok {
 				cfg.Agents.Defaults.MaxToolIterations = int(v)
@ -108,7 +111,10 @@ func ConvertConfig(data map[string]interface{}) (*config.Config, []string, error
 			case "anthropic":
 				cfg.Providers.Anthropic = pc
 			case "openai":
-				cfg.Providers.OpenAI = pc
+				cfg.Providers.OpenAI = config.OpenAIProviderConfig{
+					ProviderConfig: pc,
+					WebSearch:      getBoolOrDefault(pMap, "web_search", true),
+				}
 			case "openrouter":
 				cfg.Providers.OpenRouter = pc
 			case "groq":
@ -253,6 +259,15 @@ func MergeConfig(existing, incoming *config.Config) *config.Config {
 	if existing.Providers.Gemini.APIKey == "" {
 		existing.Providers.Gemini = incoming.Providers.Gemini
 	}
+	if existing.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey == "" {
+		existing.Providers.DeepSeek = incoming.Providers.DeepSeek
+	}
+	if existing.Providers.GitHubCopilot.APIBase == "" {
+		existing.Providers.GitHubCopilot = incoming.Providers.GitHubCopilot
+	}
+	if existing.Providers.Qwen.APIKey == "" {
+		existing.Providers.Qwen = incoming.Providers.Qwen
+	}

 	if !existing.Channels.Telegram.Enabled && incoming.Channels.Telegram.Enabled {
 		existing.Channels.Telegram = incoming.Channels.Telegram
@ -363,6 +378,13 @@ func getBool(data map[string]interface{}, key string) (bool, bool) {
 	return b, ok
 }

+func getBoolOrDefault(data map[string]interface{}, key string, defaultVal bool) bool {
+	if v, ok := getBool(data, key); ok {
+		return v
+	}
+	return defaultVal
+}
+
 func getStringSlice(data map[string]interface{}, key string) []string {
 	v, ok := data[key]
 	if !ok {
--- a/pkg/migrate/migrate_test.go
+++ b/pkg/migrate/migrate_test.go
@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ func TestConvertConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("unsupported provider warning", func(t *testing.T) {
 		data := map[string]interface{}{
 			"providers": map[string]interface{}{
-				"deepseek": map[string]interface{}{
-					"api_key": "sk-deep-test",
+				"unknown_provider": map[string]interface{}{
+					"api_key": "sk-test",
 				},
 			},
 		}
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func TestConvertConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		if len(warnings) != 1 {
 			t.Fatalf("expected 1 warning, got %d", len(warnings))
 		}
-		if warnings[0] != "Provider 'deepseek' not supported in PicoClaw, skipping" {
+		if warnings[0] != "Provider 'unknown_provider' not supported in PicoClaw, skipping" {
 			t.Errorf("unexpected warning: %s", warnings[0])
 		}
 	})
@ -275,8 +275,11 @@ func TestConvertConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		if cfg.Agents.Defaults.MaxTokens != 4096 {
 			t.Errorf("MaxTokens = %d, want %d", cfg.Agents.Defaults.MaxTokens, 4096)
 		}
-		if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature != 0.5 {
-			t.Errorf("Temperature = %f, want %f", cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature, 0.5)
+		if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Temperature is nil, want %f", 0.5)
+		}
+		if *cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature != 0.5 {
+			t.Errorf("Temperature = %f, want %f", *cfg.Agents.Defaults.Temperature, 0.5)
 		}
 		if cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace != "~/.picoclaw/workspace" {
 			t.Errorf("Workspace = %q, want %q", cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace, "~/.picoclaw/workspace")
@ -299,6 +302,24 @@ func TestConvertConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

+func TestSupportedProvidersCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := []string{
+		"anthropic",
+		"openai",
+		"openrouter",
+		"groq",
+		"zhipu",
+		"vllm",
+		"gemini",
+	}
+
+	for _, provider := range expected {
+		if !supportedProviders[provider] {
+			t.Fatalf("supportedProviders missing expected key %q", provider)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMergeConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("fills empty fields", func(t *testing.T) {
 		existing := config.DefaultConfig()
--- a/pkg/providers/anthropic/provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/anthropic/provider.go
@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package anthropicprovider
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go"
+	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go/option"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/protocoltypes"
+)
+
+type ToolCall = protocoltypes.ToolCall
+type FunctionCall = protocoltypes.FunctionCall
+type LLMResponse = protocoltypes.LLMResponse
+type UsageInfo = protocoltypes.UsageInfo
+type Message = protocoltypes.Message
+type ToolDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolDefinition
+type ToolFunctionDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolFunctionDefinition
+
+const defaultBaseURL = "https://api.anthropic.com"
+
+type Provider struct {
+	client      *anthropic.Client
+	tokenSource func() (string, error)
+	baseURL     string
+}
+
+func NewProvider(token string) *Provider {
+	return NewProviderWithBaseURL(token, "")
+}
+
+func NewProviderWithBaseURL(token, apiBase string) *Provider {
+	baseURL := normalizeBaseURL(apiBase)
+	client := anthropic.NewClient(
+		option.WithAuthToken(token),
+		option.WithBaseURL(baseURL),
+	)
+	return &Provider{
+		client:  &client,
+		baseURL: baseURL,
+	}
+}
+
+func NewProviderWithClient(client *anthropic.Client) *Provider {
+	return &Provider{
+		client:  client,
+		baseURL: defaultBaseURL,
+	}
+}
+
+func NewProviderWithTokenSource(token string, tokenSource func() (string, error)) *Provider {
+	return NewProviderWithTokenSourceAndBaseURL(token, tokenSource, "")
+}
+
+func NewProviderWithTokenSourceAndBaseURL(token string, tokenSource func() (string, error), apiBase string) *Provider {
+	p := NewProviderWithBaseURL(token, apiBase)
+	p.tokenSource = tokenSource
+	return p
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	var opts []option.RequestOption
+	if p.tokenSource != nil {
+		tok, err := p.tokenSource()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("refreshing token: %w", err)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, option.WithAuthToken(tok))
+	}
+
+	params, err := buildParams(messages, tools, model, options)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	resp, err := p.client.Messages.New(ctx, params, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("claude API call: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return parseResponse(resp), nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) GetDefaultModel() string {
+	return "claude-sonnet-4.6"
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) BaseURL() string {
+	return p.baseURL
+}
+
+func buildParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (anthropic.MessageNewParams, error) {
+	var system []anthropic.TextBlockParam
+	var anthropicMessages []anthropic.MessageParam
+
+	for _, msg := range messages {
+		switch msg.Role {
+		case "system":
+			system = append(system, anthropic.TextBlockParam{Text: msg.Content})
+		case "user":
+			if msg.ToolCallID != "" {
+				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
+					anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewToolResultBlock(msg.ToolCallID, msg.Content, false)),
+				)
+			} else {
+				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
+					anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content)),
+				)
+			}
+		case "assistant":
+			if len(msg.ToolCalls) > 0 {
+				var blocks []anthropic.ContentBlockParamUnion
+				if msg.Content != "" {
+					blocks = append(blocks, anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content))
+				}
+				for _, tc := range msg.ToolCalls {
+					blocks = append(blocks, anthropic.NewToolUseBlock(tc.ID, tc.Arguments, tc.Name))
+				}
+				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages, anthropic.NewAssistantMessage(blocks...))
+			} else {
+				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
+					anthropic.NewAssistantMessage(anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content)),
+				)
+			}
+		case "tool":
+			anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
+				anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewToolResultBlock(msg.ToolCallID, msg.Content, false)),
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	maxTokens := int64(4096)
+	if mt, ok := options["max_tokens"].(int); ok {
+		maxTokens = int64(mt)
+	}
+
+	params := anthropic.MessageNewParams{
+		Model:     anthropic.Model(model),
+		Messages:  anthropicMessages,
+		MaxTokens: maxTokens,
+	}
+
+	if len(system) > 0 {
+		params.System = system
+	}
+
+	if temp, ok := options["temperature"].(float64); ok {
+		params.Temperature = anthropic.Float(temp)
+	}
+
+	if len(tools) > 0 {
+		params.Tools = translateTools(tools)
+	}
+
+	return params, nil
+}
+
+func translateTools(tools []ToolDefinition) []anthropic.ToolUnionParam {
+	result := make([]anthropic.ToolUnionParam, 0, len(tools))
+	for _, t := range tools {
+		tool := anthropic.ToolParam{
+			Name: t.Function.Name,
+			InputSchema: anthropic.ToolInputSchemaParam{
+				Properties: t.Function.Parameters["properties"],
+			},
+		}
+		if desc := t.Function.Description; desc != "" {
+			tool.Description = anthropic.String(desc)
+		}
+		if req, ok := t.Function.Parameters["required"].([]interface{}); ok {
+			required := make([]string, 0, len(req))
+			for _, r := range req {
+				if s, ok := r.(string); ok {
+					required = append(required, s)
+				}
+			}
+			tool.InputSchema.Required = required
+		}
+		result = append(result, anthropic.ToolUnionParam{OfTool: &tool})
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func parseResponse(resp *anthropic.Message) *LLMResponse {
+	var content string
+	var toolCalls []ToolCall
+
+	for _, block := range resp.Content {
+		switch block.Type {
+		case "text":
+			tb := block.AsText()
+			content += tb.Text
+		case "tool_use":
+			tu := block.AsToolUse()
+			var args map[string]interface{}
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(tu.Input, &args); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("anthropic: failed to decode tool call input for %q: %v", tu.Name, err)
+				args = map[string]interface{}{"raw": string(tu.Input)}
+			}
+			toolCalls = append(toolCalls, ToolCall{
+				ID:        tu.ID,
+				Name:      tu.Name,
+				Arguments: args,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	finishReason := "stop"
+	switch resp.StopReason {
+	case anthropic.StopReasonToolUse:
+		finishReason = "tool_calls"
+	case anthropic.StopReasonMaxTokens:
+		finishReason = "length"
+	case anthropic.StopReasonEndTurn:
+		finishReason = "stop"
+	}
+
+	return &LLMResponse{
+		Content:      content,
+		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
+		FinishReason: finishReason,
+		Usage: &UsageInfo{
+			PromptTokens:     int(resp.Usage.InputTokens),
+			CompletionTokens: int(resp.Usage.OutputTokens),
+			TotalTokens:      int(resp.Usage.InputTokens + resp.Usage.OutputTokens),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func normalizeBaseURL(apiBase string) string {
+	base := strings.TrimSpace(apiBase)
+	if base == "" {
+		return defaultBaseURL
+	}
+
+	base = strings.TrimRight(base, "/")
+	if strings.HasSuffix(base, "/v1") {
+		base = strings.TrimSuffix(base, "/v1")
+	}
+	if base == "" {
+		return defaultBaseURL
+	}
+
+	return base
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/anthropic/provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/anthropic/provider_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+package anthropicprovider
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go"
+	anthropicoption "github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go/option"
+)
+
+func TestBuildParams_BasicMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	messages := []Message{
+		{Role: "user", Content: "Hello"},
+	}
+	params, err := buildParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{
+		"max_tokens": 1024,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildParams() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if string(params.Model) != "claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", params.Model, "claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+	if params.MaxTokens != 1024 {
+		t.Errorf("MaxTokens = %d, want 1024", params.MaxTokens)
+	}
+	if len(params.Messages) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 1", len(params.Messages))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildParams_SystemMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	messages := []Message{
+		{Role: "system", Content: "You are helpful"},
+		{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"},
+	}
+	params, err := buildParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildParams() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(params.System) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(System) = %d, want 1", len(params.System))
+	}
+	if params.System[0].Text != "You are helpful" {
+		t.Errorf("System[0].Text = %q, want %q", params.System[0].Text, "You are helpful")
+	}
+	if len(params.Messages) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 1", len(params.Messages))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildParams_ToolCallMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	messages := []Message{
+		{Role: "user", Content: "What's the weather?"},
+		{
+			Role:    "assistant",
+			Content: "",
+			ToolCalls: []ToolCall{
+				{
+					ID:        "call_1",
+					Name:      "get_weather",
+					Arguments: map[string]interface{}{"city": "SF"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{Role: "tool", Content: `{"temp": 72}`, ToolCallID: "call_1"},
+	}
+	params, err := buildParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildParams() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(params.Messages) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 3", len(params.Messages))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildParams_WithTools(t *testing.T) {
+	tools := []ToolDefinition{
+		{
+			Type: "function",
+			Function: ToolFunctionDefinition{
+				Name:        "get_weather",
+				Description: "Get weather for a city",
+				Parameters: map[string]interface{}{
+					"type": "object",
+					"properties": map[string]interface{}{
+						"city": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string"},
+					},
+					"required": []interface{}{"city"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	params, err := buildParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, tools, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildParams() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(params.Tools) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Tools) = %d, want 1", len(params.Tools))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseResponse_TextOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	resp := &anthropic.Message{
+		Content: []anthropic.ContentBlockUnion{},
+		Usage: anthropic.Usage{
+			InputTokens:  10,
+			OutputTokens: 20,
+		},
+	}
+	result := parseResponse(resp)
+	if result.Usage.PromptTokens != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("PromptTokens = %d, want 10", result.Usage.PromptTokens)
+	}
+	if result.Usage.CompletionTokens != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("CompletionTokens = %d, want 20", result.Usage.CompletionTokens)
+	}
+	if result.FinishReason != "stop" {
+		t.Errorf("FinishReason = %q, want %q", result.FinishReason, "stop")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseResponse_StopReasons(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		stopReason anthropic.StopReason
+		want       string
+	}{
+		{anthropic.StopReasonEndTurn, "stop"},
+		{anthropic.StopReasonMaxTokens, "length"},
+		{anthropic.StopReasonToolUse, "tool_calls"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		resp := &anthropic.Message{
+			StopReason: tt.stopReason,
+		}
+		result := parseResponse(resp)
+		if result.FinishReason != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("StopReason %q: FinishReason = %q, want %q", tt.stopReason, result.FinishReason, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/messages" {
+			http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		if r.Header.Get("Authorization") != "Bearer test-token" {
+			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
+			return
+		}
+
+		var reqBody map[string]interface{}
+		json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&reqBody)
+
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"id":          "msg_test",
+			"type":        "message",
+			"role":        "assistant",
+			"model":       reqBody["model"],
+			"stop_reason": "end_turn",
+			"content": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{"type": "text", "text": "Hello! How can I help you?"},
+			},
+			"usage": map[string]interface{}{
+				"input_tokens":  15,
+				"output_tokens": 8,
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	provider := NewProviderWithClient(createAnthropicTestClient(server.URL, "test-token"))
+	messages := []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hello"}}
+	resp, err := provider.Chat(t.Context(), messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{"max_tokens": 1024})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resp.Content != "Hello! How can I help you?" {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want %q", resp.Content, "Hello! How can I help you?")
+	}
+	if resp.FinishReason != "stop" {
+		t.Errorf("FinishReason = %q, want %q", resp.FinishReason, "stop")
+	}
+	if resp.Usage.PromptTokens != 15 {
+		t.Errorf("PromptTokens = %d, want 15", resp.Usage.PromptTokens)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProvider_GetDefaultModel(t *testing.T) {
+	p := NewProvider("test-token")
+	if got := p.GetDefaultModel(); got != "claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("GetDefaultModel() = %q, want %q", got, "claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProvider_NewProviderWithBaseURL_NormalizesV1Suffix(t *testing.T) {
+	p := NewProviderWithBaseURL("token", "https://api.anthropic.com/v1/")
+	if got := p.BaseURL(); got != "https://api.anthropic.com" {
+		t.Fatalf("BaseURL() = %q, want %q", got, "https://api.anthropic.com")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProvider_ChatUsesTokenSource(t *testing.T) {
+	var requests int32
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/messages" {
+			http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		atomic.AddInt32(&requests, 1)
+
+		if got := r.Header.Get("Authorization"); got != "Bearer refreshed-token" {
+			http.Error(w, "unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
+			return
+		}
+
+		var reqBody map[string]interface{}
+		json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&reqBody)
+
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"id":          "msg_test",
+			"type":        "message",
+			"role":        "assistant",
+			"model":       reqBody["model"],
+			"stop_reason": "end_turn",
+			"content": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{"type": "text", "text": "ok"},
+			},
+			"usage": map[string]interface{}{
+				"input_tokens":  1,
+				"output_tokens": 1,
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProviderWithTokenSourceAndBaseURL("stale-token", func() (string, error) {
+		return "refreshed-token", nil
+	}, server.URL)
+
+	_, err := p.Chat(t.Context(), []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hello"}}, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := atomic.LoadInt32(&requests); got != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("requests = %d, want 1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func createAnthropicTestClient(baseURL, token string) *anthropic.Client {
+	c := anthropic.NewClient(
+		anthropicoption.WithAuthToken(token),
+		anthropicoption.WithBaseURL(baseURL),
+	)
+	return &c
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/antigravity_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/antigravity_provider.go
@ -0,0 +1,827 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+)
+
+const (
+	antigravityBaseURL      = "https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com"
+	antigravityDefaultModel = "gemini-3-flash"
+	antigravityUserAgent    = "antigravity"
+	antigravityXGoogClient  = "google-cloud-sdk vscode_cloudshelleditor/0.1"
+	antigravityVersion      = "1.15.8"
+)
+
+// AntigravityProvider implements LLMProvider using Google's Cloud Code Assist (Antigravity) API.
+// This provider authenticates via Google OAuth and provides access to models like Claude and Gemini
+// through Google's infrastructure.
+type AntigravityProvider struct {
+	tokenSource func() (string, string, error) // Returns (accessToken, projectID, error)
+	httpClient  *http.Client
+}
+
+// NewAntigravityProvider creates a new Antigravity provider using stored auth credentials.
+func NewAntigravityProvider() *AntigravityProvider {
+	return &AntigravityProvider{
+		tokenSource: createAntigravityTokenSource(),
+		httpClient: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: 120 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// Chat implements LLMProvider.Chat using the Cloud Code Assist v1internal API.
+// The v1internal endpoint wraps the standard Gemini request in an envelope with
+// project, model, request, requestType, userAgent, and requestId fields.
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	accessToken, projectID, err := p.tokenSource()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity auth: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if model == "" || model == "antigravity" || model == "google-antigravity" {
+		model = antigravityDefaultModel
+	}
+	// Strip provider prefixes if present
+	model = strings.TrimPrefix(model, "google-antigravity/")
+	model = strings.TrimPrefix(model, "antigravity/")
+
+	logger.DebugCF("provider.antigravity", "Starting chat", map[string]interface{}{
+		"model":     model,
+		"project":   projectID,
+		"requestId": fmt.Sprintf("agent-%d-%s", time.Now().UnixMilli(), randomString(9)),
+	})
+
+	// Build the inner Gemini-format request
+	innerRequest := p.buildRequest(messages, tools, model, options)
+
+	// Wrap in v1internal envelope (matches pi-ai SDK format)
+	envelope := map[string]interface{}{
+		"project":     projectID,
+		"model":       model,
+		"request":     innerRequest,
+		"requestType": "agent",
+		"userAgent":   antigravityUserAgent,
+		"requestId":   fmt.Sprintf("agent-%d-%s", time.Now().UnixMilli(), randomString(9)),
+	}
+
+	bodyBytes, err := json.Marshal(envelope)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshaling request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Build API URL — uses Cloud Code Assist v1internal streaming endpoint
+	apiURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1internal:streamGenerateContent?alt=sse", antigravityBaseURL)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", apiURL, bytes.NewReader(bodyBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Headers matching the pi-ai SDK antigravity format
+	clientMetadata, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"ideType":    "IDE_UNSPECIFIED",
+		"platform":   "PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED",
+		"pluginType": "GEMINI",
+	})
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", fmt.Sprintf("antigravity/%s linux/amd64", antigravityVersion))
+	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", antigravityXGoogClient)
+	req.Header.Set("Client-Metadata", string(clientMetadata))
+
+	resp, err := p.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity API call: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		logger.ErrorCF("provider.antigravity", "API call failed", map[string]interface{}{
+			"status_code": resp.StatusCode,
+			"response":    string(respBody),
+			"model":       model,
+		})
+
+		return nil, p.parseAntigravityError(resp.StatusCode, respBody)
+	}
+
+	// Response is always SSE from streamGenerateContent — each line is "data: {...}"
+	// with a "response" wrapper containing the standard Gemini response
+	llmResp, err := p.parseSSEResponse(string(respBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Check for empty response (some models might return valid success but empty text)
+	if llmResp.Content == "" && len(llmResp.ToolCalls) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity: model returned an empty response (this model might be invalid or restricted)")
+	}
+
+	return llmResp, nil
+}
+
+// GetDefaultModel returns the default model identifier.
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
+	return antigravityDefaultModel
+}
+
+// --- Request building ---
+
+type antigravityRequest struct {
+	Contents     []antigravityContent     `json:"contents"`
+	Tools        []antigravityTool        `json:"tools,omitempty"`
+	SystemPrompt *antigravitySystemPrompt `json:"systemInstruction,omitempty"`
+	Config       *antigravityGenConfig    `json:"generationConfig,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type antigravityContent struct {
+	Role  string            `json:"role"`
+	Parts []antigravityPart `json:"parts"`
+}
+
+type antigravityPart struct {
+	Text                  string                       `json:"text,omitempty"`
+	ThoughtSignature      string                       `json:"thoughtSignature,omitempty"`
+	ThoughtSignatureSnake string                       `json:"thought_signature,omitempty"`
+	FunctionCall          *antigravityFunctionCall     `json:"functionCall,omitempty"`
+	FunctionResponse      *antigravityFunctionResponse `json:"functionResponse,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type antigravityFunctionCall struct {
+	Name string                 `json:"name"`
+	Args map[string]interface{} `json:"args"`
+}
+
+type antigravityFunctionResponse struct {
+	Name     string                 `json:"name"`
+	Response map[string]interface{} `json:"response"`
+}
+
+type antigravityTool struct {
+	FunctionDeclarations []antigravityFuncDecl `json:"functionDeclarations"`
+}
+
+type antigravityFuncDecl struct {
+	Name        string      `json:"name"`
+	Description string      `json:"description,omitempty"`
+	Parameters  interface{} `json:"parameters,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type antigravitySystemPrompt struct {
+	Parts []antigravityPart `json:"parts"`
+}
+
+type antigravityGenConfig struct {
+	MaxOutputTokens int     `json:"maxOutputTokens,omitempty"`
+	Temperature     float64 `json:"temperature,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) buildRequest(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) antigravityRequest {
+	req := antigravityRequest{}
+	toolCallNames := make(map[string]string)
+
+	// Build contents from messages
+	for _, msg := range messages {
+		switch msg.Role {
+		case "system":
+			req.SystemPrompt = &antigravitySystemPrompt{
+				Parts: []antigravityPart{{Text: msg.Content}},
+			}
+		case "user":
+			if msg.ToolCallID != "" {
+				toolName := resolveToolResponseName(msg.ToolCallID, toolCallNames)
+				// Tool result
+				req.Contents = append(req.Contents, antigravityContent{
+					Role: "user",
+					Parts: []antigravityPart{{
+						FunctionResponse: &antigravityFunctionResponse{
+							Name: toolName,
+							Response: map[string]interface{}{
+								"result": msg.Content,
+							},
+						},
+					}},
+				})
+			} else {
+				req.Contents = append(req.Contents, antigravityContent{
+					Role:  "user",
+					Parts: []antigravityPart{{Text: msg.Content}},
+				})
+			}
+		case "assistant":
+			content := antigravityContent{
+				Role: "model",
+			}
+			if msg.Content != "" {
+				content.Parts = append(content.Parts, antigravityPart{Text: msg.Content})
+			}
+			for _, tc := range msg.ToolCalls {
+				toolName, toolArgs, thoughtSignature := normalizeStoredToolCall(tc)
+				if toolName == "" {
+					logger.WarnCF("provider.antigravity", "Skipping tool call with empty name in history", map[string]interface{}{
+						"tool_call_id": tc.ID,
+					})
+					continue
+				}
+				if tc.ID != "" {
+					toolCallNames[tc.ID] = toolName
+				}
+				content.Parts = append(content.Parts, antigravityPart{
+					ThoughtSignature:      thoughtSignature,
+					ThoughtSignatureSnake: thoughtSignature,
+					FunctionCall: &antigravityFunctionCall{
+						Name: toolName,
+						Args: toolArgs,
+					},
+				})
+			}
+			if len(content.Parts) > 0 {
+				req.Contents = append(req.Contents, content)
+			}
+		case "tool":
+			toolName := resolveToolResponseName(msg.ToolCallID, toolCallNames)
+			req.Contents = append(req.Contents, antigravityContent{
+				Role: "user",
+				Parts: []antigravityPart{{
+					FunctionResponse: &antigravityFunctionResponse{
+						Name: toolName,
+						Response: map[string]interface{}{
+							"result": msg.Content,
+						},
+					},
+				}},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Build tools (sanitize schemas for Gemini compatibility)
+	if len(tools) > 0 {
+		var funcDecls []antigravityFuncDecl
+		for _, t := range tools {
+			if t.Type != "function" {
+				continue
+			}
+			params := sanitizeSchemaForGemini(t.Function.Parameters)
+			funcDecls = append(funcDecls, antigravityFuncDecl{
+				Name:        t.Function.Name,
+				Description: t.Function.Description,
+				Parameters:  params,
+			})
+		}
+		if len(funcDecls) > 0 {
+			req.Tools = []antigravityTool{{FunctionDeclarations: funcDecls}}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Generation config
+	config := &antigravityGenConfig{}
+	if val, ok := options["max_tokens"]; ok {
+		if maxTokens, ok := val.(int); ok && maxTokens > 0 {
+			config.MaxOutputTokens = maxTokens
+		} else if maxTokens, ok := val.(float64); ok && maxTokens > 0 {
+			config.MaxOutputTokens = int(maxTokens)
+		}
+	}
+	if temp, ok := options["temperature"].(float64); ok {
+		config.Temperature = temp
+	}
+	if config.MaxOutputTokens > 0 || config.Temperature > 0 {
+		req.Config = config
+	}
+
+	return req
+}
+
+func normalizeStoredToolCall(tc ToolCall) (string, map[string]interface{}, string) {
+	name := tc.Name
+	args := tc.Arguments
+	thoughtSignature := ""
+
+	if name == "" && tc.Function != nil {
+		name = tc.Function.Name
+		thoughtSignature = tc.Function.ThoughtSignature
+	} else if tc.Function != nil {
+		thoughtSignature = tc.Function.ThoughtSignature
+	}
+
+	if args == nil {
+		args = map[string]interface{}{}
+	}
+
+	if len(args) == 0 && tc.Function != nil && tc.Function.Arguments != "" {
+		var parsed map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.Function.Arguments), &parsed); err == nil && parsed != nil {
+			args = parsed
+		}
+	}
+
+	return name, args, thoughtSignature
+}
+
+func resolveToolResponseName(toolCallID string, toolCallNames map[string]string) string {
+	if toolCallID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if name, ok := toolCallNames[toolCallID]; ok && name != "" {
+		return name
+	}
+
+	return inferToolNameFromCallID(toolCallID)
+}
+
+func inferToolNameFromCallID(toolCallID string) string {
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(toolCallID, "call_") {
+		return toolCallID
+	}
+
+	rest := strings.TrimPrefix(toolCallID, "call_")
+	if idx := strings.LastIndex(rest, "_"); idx > 0 {
+		candidate := rest[:idx]
+		if candidate != "" {
+			return candidate
+		}
+	}
+
+	return toolCallID
+}
+
+// --- Response parsing ---
+
+type antigravityJSONResponse struct {
+	Candidates []struct {
+		Content struct {
+			Parts []struct {
+				Text                  string                   `json:"text,omitempty"`
+				ThoughtSignature      string                   `json:"thoughtSignature,omitempty"`
+				ThoughtSignatureSnake string                   `json:"thought_signature,omitempty"`
+				FunctionCall          *antigravityFunctionCall `json:"functionCall,omitempty"`
+			} `json:"parts"`
+			Role string `json:"role"`
+		} `json:"content"`
+		FinishReason string `json:"finishReason"`
+	} `json:"candidates"`
+	UsageMetadata struct {
+		PromptTokenCount     int `json:"promptTokenCount"`
+		CandidatesTokenCount int `json:"candidatesTokenCount"`
+		TotalTokenCount      int `json:"totalTokenCount"`
+	} `json:"usageMetadata"`
+}
+
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) parseJSONResponse(body []byte) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	var resp antigravityJSONResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing antigravity response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.Candidates) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("antigravity: no candidates in response")
+	}
+
+	candidate := resp.Candidates[0]
+	var contentParts []string
+	var toolCalls []ToolCall
+
+	for _, part := range candidate.Content.Parts {
+		if part.Text != "" {
+			contentParts = append(contentParts, part.Text)
+		}
+		if part.FunctionCall != nil {
+			argumentsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(part.FunctionCall.Args)
+			toolCalls = append(toolCalls, ToolCall{
+				ID:        fmt.Sprintf("call_%s_%d", part.FunctionCall.Name, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+				Name:      part.FunctionCall.Name,
+				Arguments: part.FunctionCall.Args,
+				Function: &FunctionCall{
+					Name:             part.FunctionCall.Name,
+					Arguments:        string(argumentsJSON),
+					ThoughtSignature: extractPartThoughtSignature(part.ThoughtSignature, part.ThoughtSignatureSnake),
+				},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	finishReason := "stop"
+	if len(toolCalls) > 0 {
+		finishReason = "tool_calls"
+	}
+	if candidate.FinishReason == "MAX_TOKENS" {
+		finishReason = "length"
+	}
+
+	var usage *UsageInfo
+	if resp.UsageMetadata.TotalTokenCount > 0 {
+		usage = &UsageInfo{
+			PromptTokens:     resp.UsageMetadata.PromptTokenCount,
+			CompletionTokens: resp.UsageMetadata.CandidatesTokenCount,
+			TotalTokens:      resp.UsageMetadata.TotalTokenCount,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &LLMResponse{
+		Content:      strings.Join(contentParts, ""),
+		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
+		FinishReason: finishReason,
+		Usage:        usage,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) parseSSEResponse(body string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	var contentParts []string
+	var toolCalls []ToolCall
+	var usage *UsageInfo
+	var finishReason string
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(body))
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		data := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "data: ")
+		if data == "[DONE]" {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// v1internal SSE wraps the Gemini response in a "response" field
+		var sseChunk struct {
+			Response antigravityJSONResponse `json:"response"`
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &sseChunk); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		resp := sseChunk.Response
+
+		for _, candidate := range resp.Candidates {
+			for _, part := range candidate.Content.Parts {
+				if part.Text != "" {
+					contentParts = append(contentParts, part.Text)
+				}
+				if part.FunctionCall != nil {
+					argumentsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(part.FunctionCall.Args)
+					toolCalls = append(toolCalls, ToolCall{
+						ID:        fmt.Sprintf("call_%s_%d", part.FunctionCall.Name, time.Now().UnixNano()),
+						Name:      part.FunctionCall.Name,
+						Arguments: part.FunctionCall.Args,
+						Function: &FunctionCall{
+							Name:             part.FunctionCall.Name,
+							Arguments:        string(argumentsJSON),
+							ThoughtSignature: extractPartThoughtSignature(part.ThoughtSignature, part.ThoughtSignatureSnake),
+						},
+					})
+				}
+			}
+			if candidate.FinishReason != "" {
+				finishReason = candidate.FinishReason
+			}
+		}
+
+		if resp.UsageMetadata.TotalTokenCount > 0 {
+			usage = &UsageInfo{
+				PromptTokens:     resp.UsageMetadata.PromptTokenCount,
+				CompletionTokens: resp.UsageMetadata.CandidatesTokenCount,
+				TotalTokens:      resp.UsageMetadata.TotalTokenCount,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	mappedFinish := "stop"
+	if len(toolCalls) > 0 {
+		mappedFinish = "tool_calls"
+	}
+	if finishReason == "MAX_TOKENS" {
+		mappedFinish = "length"
+	}
+
+	return &LLMResponse{
+		Content:      strings.Join(contentParts, ""),
+		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
+		FinishReason: mappedFinish,
+		Usage:        usage,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func extractPartThoughtSignature(thoughtSignature string, thoughtSignatureSnake string) string {
+	if thoughtSignature != "" {
+		return thoughtSignature
+	}
+	if thoughtSignatureSnake != "" {
+		return thoughtSignatureSnake
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// --- Schema sanitization ---
+
+// Google/Gemini doesn't support many JSON Schema keywords that other providers accept.
+var geminiUnsupportedKeywords = map[string]bool{
+	"patternProperties":    true,
+	"additionalProperties": true,
+	"$schema":              true,
+	"$id":                  true,
+	"$ref":                 true,
+	"$defs":                true,
+	"definitions":          true,
+	"examples":             true,
+	"minLength":            true,
+	"maxLength":            true,
+	"minimum":              true,
+	"maximum":              true,
+	"multipleOf":           true,
+	"pattern":              true,
+	"format":               true,
+	"minItems":             true,
+	"maxItems":             true,
+	"uniqueItems":          true,
+	"minProperties":        true,
+	"maxProperties":        true,
+}
+
+func sanitizeSchemaForGemini(schema map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+	if schema == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	result := make(map[string]interface{})
+	for k, v := range schema {
+		if geminiUnsupportedKeywords[k] {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Recursively sanitize nested objects
+		switch val := v.(type) {
+		case map[string]interface{}:
+			result[k] = sanitizeSchemaForGemini(val)
+		case []interface{}:
+			sanitized := make([]interface{}, len(val))
+			for i, item := range val {
+				if m, ok := item.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+					sanitized[i] = sanitizeSchemaForGemini(m)
+				} else {
+					sanitized[i] = item
+				}
+			}
+			result[k] = sanitized
+		default:
+			result[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Ensure top-level has type: "object" if properties are present
+	if _, hasProps := result["properties"]; hasProps {
+		if _, hasType := result["type"]; !hasType {
+			result["type"] = "object"
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// --- Token source ---
+
+func createAntigravityTokenSource() func() (string, string, error) {
+	return func() (string, string, error) {
+		cred, err := auth.GetCredential("google-antigravity")
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
+		}
+		if cred == nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("no credentials for google-antigravity. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider google-antigravity")
+		}
+
+		// Refresh if needed
+		if cred.NeedsRefresh() && cred.RefreshToken != "" {
+			oauthCfg := auth.GoogleAntigravityOAuthConfig()
+			refreshed, err := auth.RefreshAccessToken(cred, oauthCfg)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", "", fmt.Errorf("refreshing token: %w", err)
+			}
+			refreshed.Email = cred.Email
+			if refreshed.ProjectID == "" {
+				refreshed.ProjectID = cred.ProjectID
+			}
+			if err := auth.SetCredential("google-antigravity", refreshed); err != nil {
+				return "", "", fmt.Errorf("saving refreshed token: %w", err)
+			}
+			cred = refreshed
+		}
+
+		if cred.IsExpired() {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("antigravity credentials expired. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider google-antigravity")
+		}
+
+		projectID := cred.ProjectID
+		if projectID == "" {
+			// Try to fetch project ID from API
+			fetchedID, err := FetchAntigravityProjectID(cred.AccessToken)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.WarnCF("provider.antigravity", "Could not fetch project ID, using fallback", map[string]interface{}{
+					"error": err.Error(),
+				})
+				projectID = "rising-fact-p41fc" // Default fallback (same as OpenCode)
+			} else {
+				projectID = fetchedID
+				cred.ProjectID = projectID
+				_ = auth.SetCredential("google-antigravity", cred)
+			}
+		}
+
+		return cred.AccessToken, projectID, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// FetchAntigravityProjectID retrieves the Google Cloud project ID from the loadCodeAssist endpoint.
+func FetchAntigravityProjectID(accessToken string) (string, error) {
+	reqBody, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]interface{}{
+		"metadata": map[string]interface{}{
+			"ideType":    "IDE_UNSPECIFIED",
+			"platform":   "PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED",
+			"pluginType": "GEMINI",
+		},
+	})
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", antigravityBaseURL+"/v1internal:loadCodeAssist", bytes.NewReader(reqBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", antigravityUserAgent)
+	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", antigravityXGoogClient)
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 15 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist failed: %s", string(body))
+	}
+
+	var result struct {
+		CloudAICompanionProject string `json:"cloudaicompanionProject"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &result); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if result.CloudAICompanionProject == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no project ID in loadCodeAssist response")
+	}
+
+	return result.CloudAICompanionProject, nil
+}
+
+// FetchAntigravityModels fetches available models from the Cloud Code Assist API.
+func FetchAntigravityModels(accessToken, projectID string) ([]AntigravityModelInfo, error) {
+	reqBody, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]interface{}{
+		"project": projectID,
+	})
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", antigravityBaseURL+"/v1internal:fetchAvailableModels", bytes.NewReader(reqBody))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", antigravityUserAgent)
+	req.Header.Set("X-Goog-Api-Client", antigravityXGoogClient)
+
+	client := &http.Client{Timeout: 15 * time.Second}
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels failed (HTTP %d): %s", resp.StatusCode, truncateString(string(body), 200))
+	}
+
+	var result struct {
+		Models map[string]struct {
+			DisplayName string `json:"displayName"`
+			QuotaInfo   struct {
+				RemainingFraction interface{} `json:"remainingFraction"`
+				ResetTime         string      `json:"resetTime"`
+				IsExhausted       bool        `json:"isExhausted"`
+			} `json:"quotaInfo"`
+		} `json:"models"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &result); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing models response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var models []AntigravityModelInfo
+	for id, info := range result.Models {
+		models = append(models, AntigravityModelInfo{
+			ID:          id,
+			DisplayName: info.DisplayName,
+			IsExhausted: info.QuotaInfo.IsExhausted,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Ensure gemini-3-flash-preview and gemini-3-flash are in the list if they aren't already
+	hasFlashPreview := false
+	hasFlash := false
+	for _, m := range models {
+		if m.ID == "gemini-3-flash-preview" {
+			hasFlashPreview = true
+		}
+		if m.ID == "gemini-3-flash" {
+			hasFlash = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasFlashPreview {
+		models = append(models, AntigravityModelInfo{
+			ID:          "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+			DisplayName: "Gemini 3 Flash (Preview)",
+		})
+	}
+	if !hasFlash {
+		models = append(models, AntigravityModelInfo{
+			ID:          "gemini-3-flash",
+			DisplayName: "Gemini 3 Flash",
+		})
+	}
+
+	return models, nil
+}
+
+type AntigravityModelInfo struct {
+	ID          string `json:"id"`
+	DisplayName string `json:"display_name"`
+	IsExhausted bool   `json:"is_exhausted"`
+}
+
+// --- Helpers ---
+
+func truncateString(s string, maxLen int) string {
+	if len(s) <= maxLen {
+		return s
+	}
+	return s[:maxLen] + "..."
+}
+
+func randomString(n int) string {
+	const letters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
+	b := make([]byte, n)
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = letters[rand.Intn(len(letters))]
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func (p *AntigravityProvider) parseAntigravityError(statusCode int, body []byte) error {
+	var errResp struct {
+		Error struct {
+			Code    int                      `json:"code"`
+			Message string                   `json:"message"`
+			Status  string                   `json:"status"`
+			Details []map[string]interface{} `json:"details"`
+		} `json:"error"`
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &errResp); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("antigravity API error (HTTP %d): %s", statusCode, truncateString(string(body), 500))
+	}
+
+	msg := errResp.Error.Message
+	if statusCode == 429 {
+		// Try to extract quota reset info
+		for _, detail := range errResp.Error.Details {
+			if typeVal, ok := detail["@type"].(string); ok && strings.HasSuffix(typeVal, "ErrorInfo") {
+				if metadata, ok := detail["metadata"].(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+					if delay, ok := metadata["quotaResetDelay"].(string); ok {
+						return fmt.Errorf("antigravity rate limit exceeded: %s (reset in %s)", msg, delay)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("antigravity rate limit exceeded: %s", msg)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("antigravity API error (%s): %s", errResp.Error.Status, msg)
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/antigravity_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/antigravity_provider_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package providers
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestBuildRequestUsesFunctionFieldsWhenToolCallNameMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &AntigravityProvider{}
+
+	messages := []Message{
+		{
+			Role: "assistant",
+			ToolCalls: []ToolCall{{
+				ID: "call_read_file_123",
+				Function: &FunctionCall{
+					Name:      "read_file",
+					Arguments: `{"path":"README.md"}`,
+				},
+			}},
+		},
+		{
+			Role:       "tool",
+			ToolCallID: "call_read_file_123",
+			Content:    "ok",
+		},
+	}
+
+	req := p.buildRequest(messages, nil, "", nil)
+	if len(req.Contents) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 contents, got %d", len(req.Contents))
+	}
+
+	modelPart := req.Contents[0].Parts[0]
+	if modelPart.FunctionCall == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected functionCall in assistant message")
+	}
+	if modelPart.FunctionCall.Name != "read_file" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected functionCall name read_file, got %q", modelPart.FunctionCall.Name)
+	}
+	if got := modelPart.FunctionCall.Args["path"]; got != "README.md" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected functionCall args[path] to be README.md, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	toolPart := req.Contents[1].Parts[0]
+	if toolPart.FunctionResponse == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected functionResponse in tool message")
+	}
+	if toolPart.FunctionResponse.Name != "read_file" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected functionResponse name read_file, got %q", toolPart.FunctionResponse.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveToolResponseNameInfersNameFromGeneratedCallID(t *testing.T) {
+	got := resolveToolResponseName("call_search_docs_999", map[string]string{})
+	if got != "search_docs" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected inferred tool name search_docs, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider_test.go
@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ func TestChat_PassesModelFlag(t *testing.T) {

 	_, err := p.Chat(context.Background(), []Message{
 		{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"},
-	}, nil, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", nil)
+	}, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
 	}
@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ func TestChat_PassesModelFlag(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.Contains(args, "--model") {
 		t.Errorf("CLI args missing --model, got: %s", args)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(args, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929") {
+	if !strings.Contains(args, "claude-sonnet-4.6") {
 		t.Errorf("CLI args missing model name, got: %s", args)
 	}
 }
@ -416,10 +416,12 @@ func TestChat_EmptyWorkspaceDoesNotSetDir(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCli(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
-	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "claude-cli"
-	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace = "/test/ws"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{ModelName: "claude-sonnet-4.6", Model: "claude-cli/claude-sonnet-4.6", Workspace: "/test/ws"},
+	}
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claude-sonnet-4.6"

-	provider, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider(claude-cli) error = %v", err)
 	}
@ -435,9 +437,12 @@ func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCli(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCode(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
-	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "claude-code"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{ModelName: "claude-code", Model: "claude-cli/claude-code"},
+	}
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claude-code"

-	provider, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider(claude-code) error = %v", err)
 	}
@ -448,9 +453,12 @@ func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCode(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCodec(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
-	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "claudecode"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{ModelName: "claudecode", Model: "claude-cli/claudecode"},
+	}
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claudecode"

-	provider, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider(claudecode) error = %v", err)
 	}
@ -461,10 +469,13 @@ func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCodec(t *testing.T) {

 func TestCreateProvider_ClaudeCliDefaultWorkspace(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
-	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "claude-cli"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{ModelName: "claude-cli", Model: "claude-cli/claude-sonnet"},
+	}
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claude-cli"
 	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace = ""

-	provider, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider error = %v", err)
 	}
--- a/pkg/providers/claude_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/claude_provider.go
@ -2,200 +2,58 @@ package providers

 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"

-	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go"
-	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go/option"
-	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+	anthropicprovider "github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/anthropic"
 )

 type ClaudeProvider struct {
-	client      *anthropic.Client
-	tokenSource func() (string, error)
+	delegate *anthropicprovider.Provider
 }

 func NewClaudeProvider(token string) *ClaudeProvider {
-	client := anthropic.NewClient(
-		option.WithAuthToken(token),
-		option.WithBaseURL("https://api.anthropic.com"),
-	)
-	return &ClaudeProvider{client: &client}
+	return &ClaudeProvider{
+		delegate: anthropicprovider.NewProvider(token),
+	}
+}
+
+func NewClaudeProviderWithBaseURL(token, apiBase string) *ClaudeProvider {
+	return &ClaudeProvider{
+		delegate: anthropicprovider.NewProviderWithBaseURL(token, apiBase),
+	}
 }

 func NewClaudeProviderWithTokenSource(token string, tokenSource func() (string, error)) *ClaudeProvider {
-	p := NewClaudeProvider(token)
-	p.tokenSource = tokenSource
-	return p
+	return &ClaudeProvider{
+		delegate: anthropicprovider.NewProviderWithTokenSource(token, tokenSource),
+	}
+}
+
+func NewClaudeProviderWithTokenSourceAndBaseURL(token string, tokenSource func() (string, error), apiBase string) *ClaudeProvider {
+	return &ClaudeProvider{
+		delegate: anthropicprovider.NewProviderWithTokenSourceAndBaseURL(token, tokenSource, apiBase),
+	}
+}
+
+func newClaudeProviderWithDelegate(delegate *anthropicprovider.Provider) *ClaudeProvider {
+	return &ClaudeProvider{delegate: delegate}
 }

 func (p *ClaudeProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error) {
-	var opts []option.RequestOption
-	if p.tokenSource != nil {
-		tok, err := p.tokenSource()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("refreshing token: %w", err)
-		}
-		opts = append(opts, option.WithAuthToken(tok))
-	}
-
-	params, err := buildClaudeParams(messages, tools, model, options)
+	resp, err := p.delegate.Chat(ctx, messages, tools, model, options)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	resp, err := p.client.Messages.New(ctx, params, opts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("claude API call: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return parseClaudeResponse(resp), nil
+	return resp, nil
 }

 func (p *ClaudeProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
-	return "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929"
-}
-
-func buildClaudeParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (anthropic.MessageNewParams, error) {
-	var system []anthropic.TextBlockParam
-	var anthropicMessages []anthropic.MessageParam
-
-	for _, msg := range messages {
-		switch msg.Role {
-		case "system":
-			system = append(system, anthropic.TextBlockParam{Text: msg.Content})
-		case "user":
-			if msg.ToolCallID != "" {
-				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
-					anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewToolResultBlock(msg.ToolCallID, msg.Content, false)),
-				)
-			} else {
-				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
-					anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content)),
-				)
-			}
-		case "assistant":
-			if len(msg.ToolCalls) > 0 {
-				var blocks []anthropic.ContentBlockParamUnion
-				if msg.Content != "" {
-					blocks = append(blocks, anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content))
-				}
-				for _, tc := range msg.ToolCalls {
-					blocks = append(blocks, anthropic.NewToolUseBlock(tc.ID, tc.Arguments, tc.Name))
-				}
-				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages, anthropic.NewAssistantMessage(blocks...))
-			} else {
-				anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
-					anthropic.NewAssistantMessage(anthropic.NewTextBlock(msg.Content)),
-				)
-			}
-		case "tool":
-			anthropicMessages = append(anthropicMessages,
-				anthropic.NewUserMessage(anthropic.NewToolResultBlock(msg.ToolCallID, msg.Content, false)),
-			)
-		}
-	}
-
-	maxTokens := int64(4096)
-	if mt, ok := options["max_tokens"].(int); ok {
-		maxTokens = int64(mt)
-	}
-
-	params := anthropic.MessageNewParams{
-		Model:     anthropic.Model(model),
-		Messages:  anthropicMessages,
-		MaxTokens: maxTokens,
-	}
-
-	if len(system) > 0 {
-		params.System = system
-	}
-
-	if temp, ok := options["temperature"].(float64); ok {
-		params.Temperature = anthropic.Float(temp)
-	}
-
-	if len(tools) > 0 {
-		params.Tools = translateToolsForClaude(tools)
-	}
-
-	return params, nil
-}
-
-func translateToolsForClaude(tools []ToolDefinition) []anthropic.ToolUnionParam {
-	result := make([]anthropic.ToolUnionParam, 0, len(tools))
-	for _, t := range tools {
-		tool := anthropic.ToolParam{
-			Name: t.Function.Name,
-			InputSchema: anthropic.ToolInputSchemaParam{
-				Properties: t.Function.Parameters["properties"],
-			},
-		}
-		if desc := t.Function.Description; desc != "" {
-			tool.Description = anthropic.String(desc)
-		}
-		if req, ok := t.Function.Parameters["required"].([]interface{}); ok {
-			required := make([]string, 0, len(req))
-			for _, r := range req {
-				if s, ok := r.(string); ok {
-					required = append(required, s)
-				}
-			}
-			tool.InputSchema.Required = required
-		}
-		result = append(result, anthropic.ToolUnionParam{OfTool: &tool})
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func parseClaudeResponse(resp *anthropic.Message) *LLMResponse {
-	var content string
-	var toolCalls []ToolCall
-
-	for _, block := range resp.Content {
-		switch block.Type {
-		case "text":
-			tb := block.AsText()
-			content += tb.Text
-		case "tool_use":
-			tu := block.AsToolUse()
-			var args map[string]interface{}
-			if err := json.Unmarshal(tu.Input, &args); err != nil {
-				args = map[string]interface{}{"raw": string(tu.Input)}
-			}
-			toolCalls = append(toolCalls, ToolCall{
-				ID:        tu.ID,
-				Name:      tu.Name,
-				Arguments: args,
-			})
-		}
-	}
-
-	finishReason := "stop"
-	switch resp.StopReason {
-	case anthropic.StopReasonToolUse:
-		finishReason = "tool_calls"
-	case anthropic.StopReasonMaxTokens:
-		finishReason = "length"
-	case anthropic.StopReasonEndTurn:
-		finishReason = "stop"
-	}
-
-	return &LLMResponse{
-		Content:      content,
-		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
-		FinishReason: finishReason,
-		Usage: &UsageInfo{
-			PromptTokens:     int(resp.Usage.InputTokens),
-			CompletionTokens: int(resp.Usage.OutputTokens),
-			TotalTokens:      int(resp.Usage.InputTokens + resp.Usage.OutputTokens),
-		},
-	}
+	return p.delegate.GetDefaultModel()
 }

 func createClaudeTokenSource() func() (string, error) {
 	return func() (string, error) {
-		cred, err := auth.GetCredential("anthropic")
+		cred, err := getCredential("anthropic")
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
 		}
--- a/pkg/providers/claude_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/claude_provider_test.go
@ -8,140 +8,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go"
 	anthropicoption "github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-go/option"
+	anthropicprovider "github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/anthropic"
 )

-func TestBuildClaudeParams_BasicMessage(t *testing.T) {
-	messages := []Message{
-		{Role: "user", Content: "Hello"},
-	}
-	params, err := buildClaudeParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", map[string]interface{}{
-		"max_tokens": 1024,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("buildClaudeParams() error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if string(params.Model) != "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929" {
-		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", params.Model, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
-	}
-	if params.MaxTokens != 1024 {
-		t.Errorf("MaxTokens = %d, want 1024", params.MaxTokens)
-	}
-	if len(params.Messages) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 1", len(params.Messages))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBuildClaudeParams_SystemMessage(t *testing.T) {
-	messages := []Message{
-		{Role: "system", Content: "You are helpful"},
-		{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"},
-	}
-	params, err := buildClaudeParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", map[string]interface{}{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("buildClaudeParams() error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(params.System) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(System) = %d, want 1", len(params.System))
-	}
-	if params.System[0].Text != "You are helpful" {
-		t.Errorf("System[0].Text = %q, want %q", params.System[0].Text, "You are helpful")
-	}
-	if len(params.Messages) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 1", len(params.Messages))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBuildClaudeParams_ToolCallMessage(t *testing.T) {
-	messages := []Message{
-		{Role: "user", Content: "What's the weather?"},
-		{
-			Role:    "assistant",
-			Content: "",
-			ToolCalls: []ToolCall{
-				{
-					ID:        "call_1",
-					Name:      "get_weather",
-					Arguments: map[string]interface{}{"city": "SF"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		{Role: "tool", Content: `{"temp": 72}`, ToolCallID: "call_1"},
-	}
-	params, err := buildClaudeParams(messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", map[string]interface{}{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("buildClaudeParams() error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(params.Messages) != 3 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(Messages) = %d, want 3", len(params.Messages))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestBuildClaudeParams_WithTools(t *testing.T) {
-	tools := []ToolDefinition{
-		{
-			Type: "function",
-			Function: ToolFunctionDefinition{
-				Name:        "get_weather",
-				Description: "Get weather for a city",
-				Parameters: map[string]interface{}{
-					"type": "object",
-					"properties": map[string]interface{}{
-						"city": map[string]interface{}{"type": "string"},
-					},
-					"required": []interface{}{"city"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-	params, err := buildClaudeParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, tools, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", map[string]interface{}{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("buildClaudeParams() error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(params.Tools) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("len(Tools) = %d, want 1", len(params.Tools))
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParseClaudeResponse_TextOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	resp := &anthropic.Message{
-		Content: []anthropic.ContentBlockUnion{},
-		Usage: anthropic.Usage{
-			InputTokens:  10,
-			OutputTokens: 20,
-		},
-	}
-	result := parseClaudeResponse(resp)
-	if result.Usage.PromptTokens != 10 {
-		t.Errorf("PromptTokens = %d, want 10", result.Usage.PromptTokens)
-	}
-	if result.Usage.CompletionTokens != 20 {
-		t.Errorf("CompletionTokens = %d, want 20", result.Usage.CompletionTokens)
-	}
-	if result.FinishReason != "stop" {
-		t.Errorf("FinishReason = %q, want %q", result.FinishReason, "stop")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestParseClaudeResponse_StopReasons(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		stopReason anthropic.StopReason
-		want       string
-	}{
-		{anthropic.StopReasonEndTurn, "stop"},
-		{anthropic.StopReasonMaxTokens, "length"},
-		{anthropic.StopReasonToolUse, "tool_calls"},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		resp := &anthropic.Message{
-			StopReason: tt.stopReason,
-		}
-		result := parseClaudeResponse(resp)
-		if result.FinishReason != tt.want {
-			t.Errorf("StopReason %q: FinishReason = %q, want %q", tt.stopReason, result.FinishReason, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestClaudeProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if r.URL.Path != "/v1/messages" {
@ -175,11 +44,11 @@ func TestClaudeProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	defer server.Close()

-	provider := NewClaudeProvider("test-token")
-	provider.client = createAnthropicTestClient(server.URL, "test-token")
+	delegate := anthropicprovider.NewProviderWithClient(createAnthropicTestClient(server.URL, "test-token"))
+	provider := newClaudeProviderWithDelegate(delegate)

 	messages := []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hello"}}
-	resp, err := provider.Chat(t.Context(), messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929", map[string]interface{}{"max_tokens": 1024})
+	resp, err := provider.Chat(t.Context(), messages, nil, "claude-sonnet-4.6", map[string]interface{}{"max_tokens": 1024})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Chat() error: %v", err)
 	}
@ -196,8 +65,8 @@ func TestClaudeProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {

 func TestClaudeProvider_GetDefaultModel(t *testing.T) {
 	p := NewClaudeProvider("test-token")
-	if got := p.GetDefaultModel(); got != "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929" {
-		t.Errorf("GetDefaultModel() = %q, want %q", got, "claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
+	if got := p.GetDefaultModel(); got != "claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("GetDefaultModel() = %q, want %q", got, "claude-sonnet-4.6")
 	}
 }

--- a/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider_integration_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider_integration_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//go:build integration
+
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	exec "os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// TestIntegration_RealCodexCLI tests the CodexCliProvider with a real codex CLI.
+// Run with: go test -tags=integration ./pkg/providers/...
+func TestIntegration_RealCodexCLI(t *testing.T) {
+	path, err := exec.LookPath("codex")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("codex CLI not found in PATH, skipping integration test")
+	}
+	t.Logf("Using codex CLI at: %s", path)
+
+	p := NewCodexCliProvider(t.TempDir())
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 90*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	resp, err := p.Chat(ctx, []Message{
+		{Role: "user", Content: "Respond with only the word 'pong'. Nothing else."},
+	}, nil, "", nil)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() with real CLI error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Content == "" {
+		t.Error("Content is empty")
+	}
+	if resp.FinishReason != "stop" {
+		t.Errorf("FinishReason = %q, want %q", resp.FinishReason, "stop")
+	}
+	if resp.Usage != nil {
+		t.Logf("Usage: prompt=%d, completion=%d, total=%d",
+			resp.Usage.PromptTokens, resp.Usage.CompletionTokens, resp.Usage.TotalTokens)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Response content: %q", resp.Content)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(resp.Content), "pong") {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, expected to contain 'pong'", resp.Content)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIntegration_RealCodexCLI_WithSystemPrompt(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("codex"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("codex CLI not found in PATH")
+	}
+
+	p := NewCodexCliProvider(t.TempDir())
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 90*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	resp, err := p.Chat(ctx, []Message{
+		{Role: "system", Content: "You are a calculator. Only respond with numbers. No text."},
+		{Role: "user", Content: "What is 2+2?"},
+	}, nil, "", nil)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Response: %q", resp.Content)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(resp.Content, "4") {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, expected to contain '4'", resp.Content)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIntegration_RealCodexCLI_ParsesRealJSONL(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("codex"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("codex CLI not found in PATH")
+	}
+
+	// Run codex directly and verify our parser handles real output
+	cmd := exec.Command("codex", "exec",
+		"--json",
+		"--dangerously-bypass-approvals-and-sandbox",
+		"--skip-git-repo-check",
+		"--color", "never",
+		"-C", t.TempDir(),
+		"-")
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader("Say hi")
+
+	output, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		// codex may write diagnostic noise to stderr but still produce valid output
+		if len(output) == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("codex CLI failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Raw CLI output (first 500 chars): %s", string(output[:min(len(output), 500)]))
+
+	// Verify our parser can handle real output
+	p := NewCodexCliProvider("")
+	resp, err := p.parseJSONLEvents(string(output))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parseJSONLEvents() failed on real CLI output: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Content == "" {
+		t.Error("parsed Content is empty")
+	}
+	if resp.FinishReason != "stop" {
+		t.Errorf("FinishReason = %q, want stop", resp.FinishReason)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Parsed: content=%q, finish=%s, usage=%+v", resp.Content, resp.FinishReason, resp.Usage)
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/codex_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/codex_provider.go
@ -18,9 +18,10 @@ const codexDefaultModel = "gpt-5.2"
 const codexDefaultInstructions = "You are Codex, a coding assistant."

 type CodexProvider struct {
-	client      *openai.Client
-	accountID   string
-	tokenSource func() (string, string, error)
+	client          *openai.Client
+	accountID       string
+	tokenSource     func() (string, string, error)
+	enableWebSearch bool
 }

 const defaultCodexInstructions = "You are Codex, a coding assistant."
@ -37,8 +38,9 @@ func NewCodexProvider(token, accountID string) *CodexProvider {
 	}
 	client := openai.NewClient(opts...)
 	return &CodexProvider{
-		client:    &client,
-		accountID: accountID,
+		client:          &client,
+		accountID:       accountID,
+		enableWebSearch: true,
 	}
 }

@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ func (p *CodexProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []To
 		})
 	}

-	params := buildCodexParams(messages, tools, resolvedModel, options)
+	params := buildCodexParams(messages, tools, resolvedModel, options, p.enableWebSearch)

 	stream := p.client.Responses.NewStreaming(ctx, params, opts...)
 	defer stream.Close()
@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ func resolveCodexModel(model string) (string, string) {
 	return codexDefaultModel, "unsupported model family"
 }

-func buildCodexParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) responses.ResponseNewParams {
+func buildCodexParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}, enableWebSearch bool) responses.ResponseNewParams {
 	var inputItems responses.ResponseInputParam
 	var instructions string

@ -217,12 +219,18 @@ func buildCodexParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string,
 					})
 				}
 				for _, tc := range msg.ToolCalls {
-					argsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(tc.Arguments)
+					name, args, ok := resolveCodexToolCall(tc)
+					if !ok {
+						logger.WarnCF("provider.codex", "Skipping invalid tool call in history", map[string]interface{}{
+							"call_id": tc.ID,
+						})
+						continue
+					}
 					inputItems = append(inputItems, responses.ResponseInputItemUnionParam{
 						OfFunctionCall: &responses.ResponseFunctionToolCallParam{
 							CallID:    tc.ID,
-							Name:      tc.Name,
-							Arguments: string(argsJSON),
+							Name:      name,
+							Arguments: args,
 						},
 					})
 				}
@ -260,20 +268,50 @@ func buildCodexParams(messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string,
 		params.Instructions = openai.Opt(defaultCodexInstructions)
 	}

-	if maxTokens, ok := options["max_tokens"].(int); ok {
-		params.MaxOutputTokens = openai.Opt(int64(maxTokens))
-	}
-
-	if len(tools) > 0 {
-		params.Tools = translateToolsForCodex(tools)
+	if len(tools) > 0 || enableWebSearch {
+		params.Tools = translateToolsForCodex(tools, enableWebSearch)
 	}

 	return params
 }

-func translateToolsForCodex(tools []ToolDefinition) []responses.ToolUnionParam {
-	result := make([]responses.ToolUnionParam, 0, len(tools))
+func resolveCodexToolCall(tc ToolCall) (name string, arguments string, ok bool) {
+	name = tc.Name
+	if name == "" && tc.Function != nil {
+		name = tc.Function.Name
+	}
+	if name == "" {
+		return "", "", false
+	}
+
+	if len(tc.Arguments) > 0 {
+		argsJSON, err := json.Marshal(tc.Arguments)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", false
+		}
+		return name, string(argsJSON), true
+	}
+
+	if tc.Function != nil && tc.Function.Arguments != "" {
+		return name, tc.Function.Arguments, true
+	}
+
+	return name, "{}", true
+}
+
+func translateToolsForCodex(tools []ToolDefinition, enableWebSearch bool) []responses.ToolUnionParam {
+	capHint := len(tools)
+	if enableWebSearch {
+		capHint++
+	}
+	result := make([]responses.ToolUnionParam, 0, capHint)
 	for _, t := range tools {
+		if t.Type != "function" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if enableWebSearch && strings.EqualFold(t.Function.Name, "web_search") {
+			continue
+		}
 		ft := responses.FunctionToolParam{
 			Name:       t.Function.Name,
 			Parameters: t.Function.Parameters,
@ -284,6 +322,9 @@ func translateToolsForCodex(tools []ToolDefinition) []responses.ToolUnionParam {
 		}
 		result = append(result, responses.ToolUnionParam{OfFunction: &ft})
 	}
+	if enableWebSearch {
+		result = append(result, responses.ToolParamOfWebSearch(responses.WebSearchToolTypeWebSearch))
+	}
 	return result
 }

--- a/pkg/providers/codex_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/codex_provider_test.go
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_BasicMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{
 		"max_tokens":  2048,
 		"temperature": 0.7,
-	})
+	}, true)
 	if params.Model != "gpt-4o" {
 		t.Errorf("Model = %q, want %q", params.Model, "gpt-4o")
 	}
@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_BasicMessage(t *testing.T) {
 	if params.Instructions.Or("") != defaultCodexInstructions {
 		t.Errorf("Instructions = %q, want %q", params.Instructions.Or(""), defaultCodexInstructions)
 	}
+	if params.MaxOutputTokens.Valid() {
+		t.Fatalf("MaxOutputTokens should not be set for Codex backend")
+	}
 }

 func TestBuildCodexParams_SystemAsInstructions(t *testing.T) {
@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_SystemAsInstructions(t *testing.T) {
 		{Role: "system", Content: "You are helpful"},
 		{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"},
 	}
-	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{})
+	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, true)
 	if !params.Instructions.Valid() {
 		t.Fatal("Instructions should be set")
 	}
@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_ToolCallConversation(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{Role: "tool", Content: `{"temp": 72}`, ToolCallID: "call_1"},
 	}
-	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{})
+	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, false)
 	if params.Input.OfInputItemList == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Input.OfInputItemList should not be nil")
 	}
@ -65,6 +68,45 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_ToolCallConversation(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestBuildCodexParams_ToolCallFunctionFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	messages := []Message{
+		{Role: "user", Content: "Read a file"},
+		{
+			Role: "assistant",
+			ToolCalls: []ToolCall{
+				{
+					ID:   "call_1",
+					Type: "function",
+					Function: &FunctionCall{
+						Name:      "read_file",
+						Arguments: `{"path":"README.md"}`,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{Role: "tool", Content: "ok", ToolCallID: "call_1"},
+	}
+
+	params := buildCodexParams(messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, false)
+	if params.Input.OfInputItemList == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Input.OfInputItemList should not be nil")
+	}
+	if len(params.Input.OfInputItemList) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Input items) = %d, want 3", len(params.Input.OfInputItemList))
+	}
+
+	fc := params.Input.OfInputItemList[1].OfFunctionCall
+	if fc == nil {
+		t.Fatal("assistant tool call should be converted to function_call input item")
+	}
+	if fc.Name != "read_file" {
+		t.Errorf("Function call name = %q, want %q", fc.Name, "read_file")
+	}
+	if fc.Arguments != `{"path":"README.md"}` {
+		t.Errorf("Function call arguments = %q, want %q", fc.Arguments, `{"path":"README.md"}`)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBuildCodexParams_WithTools(t *testing.T) {
 	tools := []ToolDefinition{
 		{
@ -81,7 +123,7 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_WithTools(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, tools, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{})
+	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, tools, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, false)
 	if len(params.Tools) != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("len(Tools) = %d, want 1", len(params.Tools))
 	}
@ -94,12 +136,61 @@ func TestBuildCodexParams_WithTools(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestBuildCodexParams_StoreIsFalse(t *testing.T) {
-	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{})
+	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, false)
 	if !params.Store.Valid() || params.Store.Or(true) != false {
 		t.Error("Store should be explicitly set to false")
 	}
 }

+func TestBuildCodexParams_DefaultWebSearchEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, true)
+	if len(params.Tools) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Tools) = %d, want 1", len(params.Tools))
+	}
+	if params.Tools[0].OfWebSearch == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Tool should include built-in web_search")
+	}
+	if params.Tools[0].OfWebSearch.Type != responses.WebSearchToolTypeWebSearch {
+		t.Errorf("Web search tool type = %q, want %q", params.Tools[0].OfWebSearch.Type, responses.WebSearchToolTypeWebSearch)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildCodexParams_WebSearchFunctionReplacedWithBuiltin(t *testing.T) {
+	tools := []ToolDefinition{
+		{
+			Type: "function",
+			Function: ToolFunctionDefinition{
+				Name:        "web_search",
+				Description: "local web search",
+				Parameters: map[string]interface{}{
+					"type": "object",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			Type: "function",
+			Function: ToolFunctionDefinition{
+				Name:        "read_file",
+				Description: "read file",
+				Parameters: map[string]interface{}{
+					"type": "object",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	params := buildCodexParams([]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hi"}}, tools, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{}, true)
+	if len(params.Tools) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(Tools) = %d, want 2", len(params.Tools))
+	}
+	if params.Tools[0].OfFunction == nil || params.Tools[0].OfFunction.Name != "read_file" {
+		t.Fatalf("first tool should be function read_file, got %#v", params.Tools[0])
+	}
+	if params.Tools[1].OfWebSearch == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("second tool should be built-in web_search, got %#v", params.Tools[1])
+	}
+}
+
 func TestParseCodexResponse_TextOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	respJSON := `{
 		"id": "resp_test",
@ -214,6 +305,20 @@ func TestCodexProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 			http.Error(w, "stream must be true", http.StatusBadRequest)
 			return
 		}
+		if _, ok := reqBody["max_output_tokens"]; ok {
+			http.Error(w, "max_output_tokens is not supported", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		toolsAny, ok := reqBody["tools"].([]interface{})
+		if !ok || len(toolsAny) != 1 {
+			http.Error(w, "missing default web search tool", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		toolObj, ok := toolsAny[0].(map[string]interface{})
+		if !ok || toolObj["type"] != "web_search" {
+			http.Error(w, "expected web_search tool", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}

 		resp := map[string]interface{}{
 			"id":     "resp_test",
@ -261,6 +366,64 @@ func TestCodexProvider_ChatRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestCodexProvider_ChatRoundTrip_WebSearchDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/responses" {
+			http.Error(w, "not found: "+r.URL.Path, http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+
+		var reqBody map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&reqBody); err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, "invalid json", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		if _, ok := reqBody["tools"]; ok {
+			http.Error(w, "tools should be absent when web search disabled", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"id":     "resp_test",
+			"object": "response",
+			"status": "completed",
+			"output": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{
+					"id":     "msg_1",
+					"type":   "message",
+					"role":   "assistant",
+					"status": "completed",
+					"content": []map[string]interface{}{
+						{"type": "output_text", "text": "Hi from Codex!"},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			"usage": map[string]interface{}{
+				"input_tokens":          4,
+				"output_tokens":         3,
+				"total_tokens":          7,
+				"input_tokens_details":  map[string]interface{}{"cached_tokens": 0},
+				"output_tokens_details": map[string]interface{}{"reasoning_tokens": 0},
+			},
+		}
+		writeCompletedSSE(w, resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	provider := NewCodexProvider("test-token", "acc-123")
+	provider.enableWebSearch = false
+	provider.client = createOpenAITestClient(server.URL, "test-token", "acc-123")
+
+	messages := []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Hello"}}
+	resp, err := provider.Chat(t.Context(), messages, nil, "gpt-4o", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resp.Content != "Hi from Codex!" {
+		t.Errorf("Content = %q, want %q", resp.Content, "Hi from Codex!")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCodexProvider_ChatRoundTrip_TokenSourceFallbackAccountID(t *testing.T) {
 	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if r.URL.Path != "/responses" {
@ -293,6 +456,10 @@ func TestCodexProvider_ChatRoundTrip_TokenSourceFallbackAccountID(t *testing.T)
 			http.Error(w, "temperature is not supported", http.StatusBadRequest)
 			return
 		}
+		if _, ok := reqBody["max_output_tokens"]; ok {
+			http.Error(w, "max_output_tokens is not supported", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
 		if reqBody["stream"] != true {
 			http.Error(w, "stream must be true", http.StatusBadRequest)
 			return
--- a/pkg/providers/cooldown.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/cooldown.go
@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultFailureWindow = 24 * time.Hour
+)
+
+// CooldownTracker manages per-provider cooldown state for the fallback chain.
+// Thread-safe via sync.RWMutex. In-memory only (resets on restart).
+type CooldownTracker struct {
+	mu            sync.RWMutex
+	entries       map[string]*cooldownEntry
+	failureWindow time.Duration
+	nowFunc       func() time.Time // for testing
+}
+
+type cooldownEntry struct {
+	ErrorCount     int
+	FailureCounts  map[FailoverReason]int
+	CooldownEnd    time.Time      // standard cooldown expiry
+	DisabledUntil  time.Time      // billing-specific disable expiry
+	DisabledReason FailoverReason // reason for disable (billing)
+	LastFailure    time.Time
+}
+
+// NewCooldownTracker creates a tracker with default 24h failure window.
+func NewCooldownTracker() *CooldownTracker {
+	return &CooldownTracker{
+		entries:       make(map[string]*cooldownEntry),
+		failureWindow: defaultFailureWindow,
+		nowFunc:       time.Now,
+	}
+}
+
+// MarkFailure records a failure for a provider and sets appropriate cooldown.
+// Resets error counts if last failure was more than failureWindow ago.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) MarkFailure(provider string, reason FailoverReason) {
+	ct.mu.Lock()
+	defer ct.mu.Unlock()
+
+	now := ct.nowFunc()
+	entry := ct.getOrCreate(provider)
+
+	// 24h failure window reset: if no failure in failureWindow, reset counters.
+	if !entry.LastFailure.IsZero() && now.Sub(entry.LastFailure) > ct.failureWindow {
+		entry.ErrorCount = 0
+		entry.FailureCounts = make(map[FailoverReason]int)
+	}
+
+	entry.ErrorCount++
+	entry.FailureCounts[reason]++
+	entry.LastFailure = now
+
+	if reason == FailoverBilling {
+		billingCount := entry.FailureCounts[FailoverBilling]
+		entry.DisabledUntil = now.Add(calculateBillingCooldown(billingCount))
+		entry.DisabledReason = FailoverBilling
+	} else {
+		entry.CooldownEnd = now.Add(calculateStandardCooldown(entry.ErrorCount))
+	}
+}
+
+// MarkSuccess resets all counters and cooldowns for a provider.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) MarkSuccess(provider string) {
+	ct.mu.Lock()
+	defer ct.mu.Unlock()
+
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	entry.ErrorCount = 0
+	entry.FailureCounts = make(map[FailoverReason]int)
+	entry.CooldownEnd = time.Time{}
+	entry.DisabledUntil = time.Time{}
+	entry.DisabledReason = ""
+}
+
+// IsAvailable returns true if the provider is not in cooldown or disabled.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) IsAvailable(provider string) bool {
+	ct.mu.RLock()
+	defer ct.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	now := ct.nowFunc()
+
+	// Billing disable takes precedence (longer cooldown).
+	if !entry.DisabledUntil.IsZero() && now.Before(entry.DisabledUntil) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Standard cooldown.
+	if !entry.CooldownEnd.IsZero() && now.Before(entry.CooldownEnd) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// CooldownRemaining returns how long until the provider becomes available.
+// Returns 0 if already available.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) CooldownRemaining(provider string) time.Duration {
+	ct.mu.RLock()
+	defer ct.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	now := ct.nowFunc()
+	var remaining time.Duration
+
+	if !entry.DisabledUntil.IsZero() && now.Before(entry.DisabledUntil) {
+		d := entry.DisabledUntil.Sub(now)
+		if d > remaining {
+			remaining = d
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !entry.CooldownEnd.IsZero() && now.Before(entry.CooldownEnd) {
+		d := entry.CooldownEnd.Sub(now)
+		if d > remaining {
+			remaining = d
+		}
+	}
+
+	return remaining
+}
+
+// ErrorCount returns the current error count for a provider.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) ErrorCount(provider string) int {
+	ct.mu.RLock()
+	defer ct.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return entry.ErrorCount
+}
+
+// FailureCount returns the failure count for a specific reason.
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) FailureCount(provider string, reason FailoverReason) int {
+	ct.mu.RLock()
+	defer ct.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return entry.FailureCounts[reason]
+}
+
+func (ct *CooldownTracker) getOrCreate(provider string) *cooldownEntry {
+	entry := ct.entries[provider]
+	if entry == nil {
+		entry = &cooldownEntry{
+			FailureCounts: make(map[FailoverReason]int),
+		}
+		ct.entries[provider] = entry
+	}
+	return entry
+}
+
+// calculateStandardCooldown computes standard exponential backoff.
+// Formula from OpenClaw: min(1h, 1min * 5^min(n-1, 3))
+//
+//	1 error  → 1 min
+//	2 errors → 5 min
+//	3 errors → 25 min
+//	4+ errors → 1 hour (cap)
+func calculateStandardCooldown(errorCount int) time.Duration {
+	n := max(1, errorCount)
+	exp := min(n-1, 3)
+	ms := 60_000 * int(math.Pow(5, float64(exp)))
+	ms = min(3_600_000, ms) // cap at 1 hour
+	return time.Duration(ms) * time.Millisecond
+}
+
+// calculateBillingCooldown computes billing-specific exponential backoff.
+// Formula from OpenClaw: min(24h, 5h * 2^min(n-1, 10))
+//
+//	1 error  → 5 hours
+//	2 errors → 10 hours
+//	3 errors → 20 hours
+//	4+ errors → 24 hours (cap)
+func calculateBillingCooldown(billingErrorCount int) time.Duration {
+	const baseMs = 5 * 60 * 60 * 1000 // 5 hours
+	const maxMs = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 // 24 hours
+
+	n := max(1, billingErrorCount)
+	exp := min(n-1, 10)
+	raw := float64(baseMs) * math.Pow(2, float64(exp))
+	ms := int(math.Min(float64(maxMs), raw))
+	return time.Duration(ms) * time.Millisecond
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/cooldown_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/cooldown_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func newTestTracker(now time.Time) (*CooldownTracker, *time.Time) {
+	current := now
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	ct.nowFunc = func() time.Time { return current }
+	return ct, &current
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_InitiallyAvailable(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("new provider should be available")
+	}
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 0 {
+		t.Error("new provider should have 0 errors")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_StandardEscalation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, current := newTestTracker(now)
+
+	// 1st error → 1 min cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be in cooldown after 1st error")
+	}
+
+	// Advance 61 seconds → available
+	*current = now.Add(61 * time.Second)
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be available after 1 min cooldown")
+	}
+
+	// 2nd error → 5 min cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	*current = now.Add(61*time.Second + 4*time.Minute)
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be in cooldown (5 min) after 2nd error")
+	}
+	*current = now.Add(61*time.Second + 6*time.Minute)
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be available after 5 min cooldown")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_StandardCap(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify formula: 1m, 5m, 25m, 1h, 1h, 1h...
+	expected := []time.Duration{
+		1 * time.Minute,
+		5 * time.Minute,
+		25 * time.Minute,
+		1 * time.Hour,
+		1 * time.Hour,
+	}
+
+	for i, want := range expected {
+		got := calculateStandardCooldown(i + 1)
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("calculateStandardCooldown(%d) = %v, want %v", i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_BillingEscalation(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, current := newTestTracker(now)
+
+	// 1st billing error → 5h cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverBilling)
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be disabled after billing error")
+	}
+
+	// Advance 4h → still disabled
+	*current = now.Add(4 * time.Hour)
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should still be disabled (5h cooldown)")
+	}
+
+	// Advance 5h + 1s → available
+	*current = now.Add(5*time.Hour + 1*time.Second)
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be available after 5h billing cooldown")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_BillingCap(t *testing.T) {
+	expected := []time.Duration{
+		5 * time.Hour,
+		10 * time.Hour,
+		20 * time.Hour,
+		24 * time.Hour,
+		24 * time.Hour,
+	}
+
+	for i, want := range expected {
+		got := calculateBillingCooldown(i + 1)
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("calculateBillingCooldown(%d) = %v, want %v", i+1, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_SuccessReset(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverBilling)
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("error count = %d, want 2", ct.ErrorCount("openai"))
+	}
+
+	ct.MarkSuccess("openai")
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("error count after success = %d, want 0", ct.ErrorCount("openai"))
+	}
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be available after success")
+	}
+	if ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverRateLimit) != 0 {
+		t.Error("failure counts should be reset after success")
+	}
+	if ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverBilling) != 0 {
+		t.Error("billing failure count should be reset after success")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_FailureWindowReset(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, current := newTestTracker(now)
+
+	// 4 errors → 1h cooldown
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+		*current = current.Add(2 * time.Second) // small advance between errors
+	}
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("error count = %d, want 4", ct.ErrorCount("openai"))
+	}
+
+	// Advance 25 hours (past 24h failure window)
+	*current = now.Add(25 * time.Hour)
+
+	// Next error should reset counters first, then increment to 1
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("error count after window reset = %d, want 1 (reset + 1)", ct.ErrorCount("openai"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_PerReasonTracking(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverBilling)
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverAuth)
+
+	if ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverRateLimit) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("rate_limit count = %d, want 2", ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverRateLimit))
+	}
+	if ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverBilling) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("billing count = %d, want 1", ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverBilling))
+	}
+	if ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverAuth) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("auth count = %d, want 1", ct.FailureCount("openai", FailoverAuth))
+	}
+	if ct.ErrorCount("openai") != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("total error count = %d, want 4", ct.ErrorCount("openai"))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_BillingTakesPrecedence(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, current := newTestTracker(now)
+
+	// Standard cooldown (1 min) + billing disable (5h)
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit) // 1 min cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverBilling)   // 5h disable
+
+	// After 2 min: standard cooldown expired but billing still active
+	*current = now.Add(2 * time.Minute)
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("billing disable should take precedence over standard cooldown")
+	}
+
+	// After 5h + 1s: both expired
+	*current = now.Add(5*time.Hour + 1*time.Second)
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("should be available after all cooldowns expire")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_CooldownRemaining(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, current := newTestTracker(now)
+
+	// No failures → 0 remaining
+	if ct.CooldownRemaining("openai") != 0 {
+		t.Error("expected 0 remaining for new provider")
+	}
+
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+
+	*current = now.Add(30 * time.Second)
+	remaining := ct.CooldownRemaining("openai")
+	if remaining <= 0 || remaining > 1*time.Minute {
+		t.Errorf("remaining = %v, expected ~30s", remaining)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_SuccessOnUnknownProvider(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	// Should not panic
+	ct.MarkSuccess("nonexistent")
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("nonexistent") {
+		t.Error("nonexistent provider should be available")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		wg.Add(3)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+		}()
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			ct.IsAvailable("openai")
+		}()
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			ct.MarkSuccess("openai")
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	// If we got here without panic, concurrent access is safe
+}
+
+func TestCooldown_MultipleProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	ct.MarkFailure("anthropic", FailoverBilling)
+
+	if ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("openai should be in cooldown")
+	}
+	if ct.IsAvailable("anthropic") {
+		t.Error("anthropic should be in cooldown")
+	}
+	// groq was never touched
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("groq") {
+		t.Error("groq should be available")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/error_classifier.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/error_classifier.go
@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// errorPattern defines a single pattern (string or regex) for error classification.
+type errorPattern struct {
+	substring string
+	regex     *regexp.Regexp
+}
+
+func substr(s string) errorPattern { return errorPattern{substring: s} }
+func rxp(r string) errorPattern    { return errorPattern{regex: regexp.MustCompile("(?i)" + r)} }
+
+// Error patterns organized by FailoverReason, matching OpenClaw production (~40 patterns).
+var (
+	rateLimitPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`rate[_ ]limit`),
+		substr("too many requests"),
+		substr("429"),
+		substr("exceeded your current quota"),
+		rxp(`exceeded.*quota`),
+		rxp(`resource has been exhausted`),
+		rxp(`resource.*exhausted`),
+		substr("resource_exhausted"),
+		substr("quota exceeded"),
+		substr("usage limit"),
+	}
+
+	overloadedPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`overloaded_error`),
+		rxp(`"type"\s*:\s*"overloaded_error"`),
+		substr("overloaded"),
+	}
+
+	timeoutPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		substr("timeout"),
+		substr("timed out"),
+		substr("deadline exceeded"),
+		substr("context deadline exceeded"),
+	}
+
+	billingPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`\b402\b`),
+		substr("payment required"),
+		substr("insufficient credits"),
+		substr("credit balance"),
+		substr("plans & billing"),
+		substr("insufficient balance"),
+	}
+
+	authPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`invalid[_ ]?api[_ ]?key`),
+		substr("incorrect api key"),
+		substr("invalid token"),
+		substr("authentication"),
+		substr("re-authenticate"),
+		substr("oauth token refresh failed"),
+		substr("unauthorized"),
+		substr("forbidden"),
+		substr("access denied"),
+		substr("expired"),
+		substr("token has expired"),
+		rxp(`\b401\b`),
+		rxp(`\b403\b`),
+		substr("no credentials found"),
+		substr("no api key found"),
+	}
+
+	formatPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		substr("string should match pattern"),
+		substr("tool_use.id"),
+		substr("tool_use_id"),
+		substr("messages.1.content.1.tool_use.id"),
+		substr("invalid request format"),
+	}
+
+	imageDimensionPatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`image dimensions exceed max`),
+	}
+
+	imageSizePatterns = []errorPattern{
+		rxp(`image exceeds.*mb`),
+	}
+
+	// Transient HTTP status codes that map to timeout (server-side failures).
+	transientStatusCodes = map[int]bool{
+		500: true, 502: true, 503: true,
+		521: true, 522: true, 523: true, 524: true,
+		529: true,
+	}
+)
+
+// ClassifyError classifies an error into a FailoverError with reason.
+// Returns nil if the error is not classifiable (unknown errors should not trigger fallback).
+func ClassifyError(err error, provider, model string) *FailoverError {
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Context cancellation: user abort, never fallback.
+	if err == context.Canceled {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Context deadline exceeded: treat as timeout, always fallback.
+	if err == context.DeadlineExceeded {
+		return &FailoverError{
+			Reason:   FailoverTimeout,
+			Provider: provider,
+			Model:    model,
+			Wrapped:  err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	msg := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
+
+	// Image dimension/size errors: non-retriable, non-fallback.
+	if IsImageDimensionError(msg) || IsImageSizeError(msg) {
+		return &FailoverError{
+			Reason:   FailoverFormat,
+			Provider: provider,
+			Model:    model,
+			Wrapped:  err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Try HTTP status code extraction first.
+	if status := extractHTTPStatus(msg); status > 0 {
+		if reason := classifyByStatus(status); reason != "" {
+			return &FailoverError{
+				Reason:   reason,
+				Provider: provider,
+				Model:    model,
+				Status:   status,
+				Wrapped:  err,
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Message pattern matching (priority order from OpenClaw).
+	if reason := classifyByMessage(msg); reason != "" {
+		return &FailoverError{
+			Reason:   reason,
+			Provider: provider,
+			Model:    model,
+			Wrapped:  err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// classifyByStatus maps HTTP status codes to FailoverReason.
+func classifyByStatus(status int) FailoverReason {
+	switch {
+	case status == 401 || status == 403:
+		return FailoverAuth
+	case status == 402:
+		return FailoverBilling
+	case status == 408:
+		return FailoverTimeout
+	case status == 429:
+		return FailoverRateLimit
+	case status == 400:
+		return FailoverFormat
+	case transientStatusCodes[status]:
+		return FailoverTimeout
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// classifyByMessage matches error messages against patterns.
+// Priority order matters (from OpenClaw classifyFailoverReason).
+func classifyByMessage(msg string) FailoverReason {
+	if matchesAny(msg, rateLimitPatterns) {
+		return FailoverRateLimit
+	}
+	if matchesAny(msg, overloadedPatterns) {
+		return FailoverRateLimit // Overloaded treated as rate_limit
+	}
+	if matchesAny(msg, billingPatterns) {
+		return FailoverBilling
+	}
+	if matchesAny(msg, timeoutPatterns) {
+		return FailoverTimeout
+	}
+	if matchesAny(msg, authPatterns) {
+		return FailoverAuth
+	}
+	if matchesAny(msg, formatPatterns) {
+		return FailoverFormat
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// extractHTTPStatus extracts an HTTP status code from an error message.
+// Looks for patterns like "status: 429", "status 429", "HTTP 429", or standalone "429".
+func extractHTTPStatus(msg string) int {
+	// Common patterns in Go HTTP error messages
+	patterns := []*regexp.Regexp{
+		regexp.MustCompile(`status[:\s]+(\d{3})`),
+		regexp.MustCompile(`HTTP[/\s]+\d*\.?\d*\s+(\d{3})`),
+	}
+
+	for _, p := range patterns {
+		if m := p.FindStringSubmatch(msg); len(m) > 1 {
+			return parseDigits(m[1])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0
+}
+
+// IsImageDimensionError returns true if the message indicates an image dimension error.
+func IsImageDimensionError(msg string) bool {
+	return matchesAny(msg, imageDimensionPatterns)
+}
+
+// IsImageSizeError returns true if the message indicates an image file size error.
+func IsImageSizeError(msg string) bool {
+	return matchesAny(msg, imageSizePatterns)
+}
+
+// matchesAny checks if msg matches any of the patterns.
+func matchesAny(msg string, patterns []errorPattern) bool {
+	for _, p := range patterns {
+		if p.regex != nil {
+			if p.regex.MatchString(msg) {
+				return true
+			}
+		} else if p.substring != "" {
+			if strings.Contains(msg, p.substring) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// parseDigits converts a string of digits to an int.
+func parseDigits(s string) int {
+	n := 0
+	for _, c := range s {
+		if c >= '0' && c <= '9' {
+			n = n*10 + int(c-'0')
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/error_classifier_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/error_classifier_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestClassifyError_Nil(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ClassifyError(nil, "openai", "gpt-4")
+	if result != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for nil error, got %+v", result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_ContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ClassifyError(context.Canceled, "openai", "gpt-4")
+	if result != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for context.Canceled (user abort), got %+v", result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_ContextDeadlineExceeded(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ClassifyError(context.DeadlineExceeded, "openai", "gpt-4")
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil for deadline exceeded")
+	}
+	if result.Reason != FailoverTimeout {
+		t.Errorf("reason = %q, want timeout", result.Reason)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_StatusCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		status int
+		reason FailoverReason
+	}{
+		{401, FailoverAuth},
+		{403, FailoverAuth},
+		{402, FailoverBilling},
+		{408, FailoverTimeout},
+		{429, FailoverRateLimit},
+		{400, FailoverFormat},
+		{500, FailoverTimeout},
+		{502, FailoverTimeout},
+		{503, FailoverTimeout},
+		{521, FailoverTimeout},
+		{522, FailoverTimeout},
+		{523, FailoverTimeout},
+		{524, FailoverTimeout},
+		{529, FailoverTimeout},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("API error: status: %d something went wrong", tt.status)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "test", "model")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("status %d: expected non-nil", tt.status)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != tt.reason {
+			t.Errorf("status %d: reason = %q, want %q", tt.status, result.Reason, tt.reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_RateLimitPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"rate limit exceeded",
+		"rate_limit reached",
+		"too many requests",
+		"exceeded your current quota",
+		"resource has been exhausted",
+		"resource_exhausted",
+		"quota exceeded",
+		"usage limit reached",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != FailoverRateLimit {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want rate_limit", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_OverloadedPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"overloaded_error",
+		`{"type": "overloaded_error"}`,
+		"server is overloaded",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "anthropic", "claude")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Overloaded is treated as rate_limit
+		if result.Reason != FailoverRateLimit {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want rate_limit", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_BillingPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"payment required",
+		"insufficient credits",
+		"credit balance too low",
+		"plans & billing page",
+		"insufficient balance",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != FailoverBilling {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want billing", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_TimeoutPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"request timeout",
+		"connection timed out",
+		"deadline exceeded",
+		"context deadline exceeded",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != FailoverTimeout {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want timeout", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_AuthPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"invalid api key",
+		"invalid_api_key",
+		"incorrect api key",
+		"invalid token",
+		"authentication failed",
+		"re-authenticate",
+		"oauth token refresh failed",
+		"unauthorized access",
+		"forbidden",
+		"access denied",
+		"expired",
+		"token has expired",
+		"no credentials found",
+		"no api key found",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != FailoverAuth {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want auth", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_FormatPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	patterns := []string{
+		"string should match pattern",
+		"tool_use.id is required",
+		"invalid tool_use_id",
+		"messages.1.content.1.tool_use.id must be valid",
+		"invalid request format",
+	}
+
+	for _, msg := range patterns {
+		err := errors.New(msg)
+		result := ClassifyError(err, "anthropic", "claude")
+		if result == nil {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: expected non-nil", msg)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Reason != FailoverFormat {
+			t.Errorf("pattern %q: reason = %q, want format", msg, result.Reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_ImageDimensionError(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errors.New("image dimensions exceed max allowed 2048x2048")
+	result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4o")
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil for image dimension error")
+	}
+	if result.Reason != FailoverFormat {
+		t.Errorf("reason = %q, want format", result.Reason)
+	}
+	if result.IsRetriable() {
+		t.Error("image dimension error should not be retriable")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_ImageSizeError(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errors.New("image exceeds 20 mb limit")
+	result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4o")
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil for image size error")
+	}
+	if result.Reason != FailoverFormat {
+		t.Errorf("reason = %q, want format", result.Reason)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_UnknownError(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errors.New("some completely random error")
+	result := ClassifyError(err, "openai", "gpt-4")
+	if result != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for unknown error, got %+v", result)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClassifyError_ProviderModelPropagation(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errors.New("rate limit exceeded")
+	result := ClassifyError(err, "my-provider", "my-model")
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil")
+	}
+	if result.Provider != "my-provider" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want my-provider", result.Provider)
+	}
+	if result.Model != "my-model" {
+		t.Errorf("model = %q, want my-model", result.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFailoverError_IsRetriable(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		reason    FailoverReason
+		retriable bool
+	}{
+		{FailoverAuth, true},
+		{FailoverRateLimit, true},
+		{FailoverBilling, true},
+		{FailoverTimeout, true},
+		{FailoverOverloaded, true},
+		{FailoverFormat, false},
+		{FailoverUnknown, true},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		fe := &FailoverError{Reason: tt.reason}
+		if fe.IsRetriable() != tt.retriable {
+			t.Errorf("IsRetriable(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.reason, fe.IsRetriable(), tt.retriable)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFailoverError_ErrorString(t *testing.T) {
+	fe := &FailoverError{
+		Reason:   FailoverRateLimit,
+		Provider: "openai",
+		Model:    "gpt-4",
+		Status:   429,
+		Wrapped:  errors.New("too many requests"),
+	}
+	s := fe.Error()
+	if s == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty error string")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFailoverError_Unwrap(t *testing.T) {
+	inner := errors.New("inner error")
+	fe := &FailoverError{Reason: FailoverTimeout, Wrapped: inner}
+	if fe.Unwrap() != inner {
+		t.Error("Unwrap should return wrapped error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractHTTPStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		msg  string
+		want int
+	}{
+		{"status: 429 rate limited", 429},
+		{"status 401 unauthorized", 401},
+		{"HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway", 502},
+		{"no status code here", 0},
+		{"random number 12345", 0},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := extractHTTPStatus(tt.msg)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("extractHTTPStatus(%q) = %d, want %d", tt.msg, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsImageDimensionError(t *testing.T) {
+	if !IsImageDimensionError("image dimensions exceed max 4096x4096") {
+		t.Error("should match image dimensions exceed max")
+	}
+	if IsImageDimensionError("normal error message") {
+		t.Error("should not match normal error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsImageSizeError(t *testing.T) {
+	if !IsImageSizeError("image exceeds 20 mb") {
+		t.Error("should match image exceeds mb")
+	}
+	if IsImageSizeError("normal error message") {
+		t.Error("should not match normal error")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/factory.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/factory.go
@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+const defaultAnthropicAPIBase = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1"
+
+var getCredential = auth.GetCredential
+
+type providerType int
+
+const (
+	providerTypeHTTPCompat providerType = iota
+	providerTypeClaudeAuth
+	providerTypeCodexAuth
+	providerTypeCodexCLIToken
+	providerTypeClaudeCLI
+	providerTypeCodexCLI
+	providerTypeGitHubCopilot
+)
+
+type providerSelection struct {
+	providerType    providerType
+	apiKey          string
+	apiBase         string
+	proxy           string
+	model           string
+	workspace       string
+	connectMode     string
+	enableWebSearch bool
+}
+
+func resolveProviderSelection(cfg *config.Config) (providerSelection, error) {
+	model := cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model
+	providerName := strings.ToLower(cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider)
+	lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
+
+	sel := providerSelection{
+		providerType: providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+		model:        model,
+	}
+
+	// First, prefer explicit provider configuration.
+	if providerName != "" {
+		switch providerName {
+		case "groq":
+			if cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Groq.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
+				}
+			}
+		case "openai", "gpt":
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod != "" {
+				sel.enableWebSearch = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch
+				if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "codex-cli" {
+					sel.providerType = providerTypeCodexCLIToken
+					return sel, nil
+				}
+				if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "token" {
+					sel.providerType = providerTypeCodexAuth
+					return sel, nil
+				}
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+				}
+			}
+		case "anthropic", "claude":
+			if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod != "" {
+				if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "token" {
+					sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
+					if sel.apiBase == "" {
+						sel.apiBase = defaultAnthropicAPIBase
+					}
+					sel.providerType = providerTypeClaudeAuth
+					return sel, nil
+				}
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = defaultAnthropicAPIBase
+				}
+			}
+		case "openrouter":
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.Proxy
+				if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
+					sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
+				} else {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+				}
+			}
+		case "zhipu", "glm":
+			if cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+				}
+			}
+		case "gemini", "google":
+			if cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Gemini.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+				}
+			}
+		case "vllm":
+			if cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.VLLM.Proxy
+			}
+		case "shengsuanyun":
+			if cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1"
+				}
+			}
+		case "nvidia":
+			if cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"
+				}
+			}
+		case "claude-cli", "claude-code", "claudecode":
+			workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
+			if workspace == "" {
+				workspace = "."
+			}
+			sel.providerType = providerTypeClaudeCLI
+			sel.workspace = workspace
+			return sel, nil
+		case "codex-cli", "codex-code":
+			workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
+			if workspace == "" {
+				workspace = "."
+			}
+			sel.providerType = providerTypeCodexCLI
+			sel.workspace = workspace
+			return sel, nil
+		case "deepseek":
+			if cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIBase
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.Proxy
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"
+				}
+				if model != "deepseek-chat" && model != "deepseek-reasoner" {
+					sel.model = "deepseek-chat"
+				}
+			}
+		case "github_copilot", "copilot":
+			sel.providerType = providerTypeGitHubCopilot
+			if cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.APIBase != "" {
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.APIBase
+			} else {
+				sel.apiBase = "localhost:4321"
+			}
+			sel.connectMode = cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.ConnectMode
+			return sel, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Fallback: infer provider from model and configured keys.
+	if sel.apiKey == "" && sel.apiBase == "" {
+		switch {
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "kimi") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "moonshot") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "moonshot/")) && cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1"
+			}
+		case strings.HasPrefix(model, "openrouter/") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(model, "anthropic/") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(model, "openai/") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(model, "meta-llama/") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(model, "deepseek/") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(model, "google/"):
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.Proxy
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
+			} else {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "claude") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "anthropic/")) &&
+			(cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod != ""):
+			if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "token" {
+				sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
+				if sel.apiBase == "" {
+					sel.apiBase = defaultAnthropicAPIBase
+				}
+				sel.providerType = providerTypeClaudeAuth
+				return sel, nil
+			}
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = defaultAnthropicAPIBase
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "gpt") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "openai/")) &&
+			(cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod != ""):
+			sel.enableWebSearch = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.WebSearch
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "codex-cli" {
+				sel.providerType = providerTypeCodexCLIToken
+				return sel, nil
+			}
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "token" {
+				sel.providerType = providerTypeCodexAuth
+				return sel, nil
+			}
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "gemini") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "google/")) && cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Gemini.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "glm") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "zhipu") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "zai")) && cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "groq") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "groq/")) && cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Groq.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "nvidia") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "nvidia/")) && cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"
+			}
+		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "ollama") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "ollama/")) && cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIKey != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.Ollama.Proxy
+			if sel.apiBase == "" {
+				sel.apiBase = "http://localhost:11434/v1"
+			}
+		case cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase != "":
+			sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIKey
+			sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase
+			sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.VLLM.Proxy
+		default:
+			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
+				sel.apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
+				sel.proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.Proxy
+				if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
+					sel.apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
+				} else {
+					sel.apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+				}
+			} else {
+				return providerSelection{}, fmt.Errorf("no API key configured for model: %s", model)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if sel.providerType == providerTypeHTTPCompat {
+		if sel.apiKey == "" && !strings.HasPrefix(model, "bedrock/") {
+			return providerSelection{}, fmt.Errorf("no API key configured for provider (model: %s)", model)
+		}
+		if sel.apiBase == "" {
+			return providerSelection{}, fmt.Errorf("no API base configured for provider (model: %s)", model)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return sel, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/factory_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/factory_provider.go
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+// createClaudeAuthProvider creates a Claude provider using OAuth credentials from auth store.
+func createClaudeAuthProvider() (LLMProvider, error) {
+	cred, err := getCredential("anthropic")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
+	}
+	if cred == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no credentials for anthropic. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic")
+	}
+	return NewClaudeProviderWithTokenSource(cred.AccessToken, createClaudeTokenSource()), nil
+}
+
+// createCodexAuthProvider creates a Codex provider using OAuth credentials from auth store.
+func createCodexAuthProvider() (LLMProvider, error) {
+	cred, err := getCredential("openai")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
+	}
+	if cred == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no credentials for openai. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider openai")
+	}
+	return NewCodexProviderWithTokenSource(cred.AccessToken, cred.AccountID, createCodexTokenSource()), nil
+}
+
+// ExtractProtocol extracts the protocol prefix and model identifier from a model string.
+// If no prefix is specified, it defaults to "openai".
+// Examples:
+//   - "openai/gpt-4o" -> ("openai", "gpt-4o")
+//   - "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6" -> ("anthropic", "claude-sonnet-4.6")
+//   - "gpt-4o" -> ("openai", "gpt-4o")  // default protocol
+func ExtractProtocol(model string) (protocol, modelID string) {
+	model = strings.TrimSpace(model)
+	protocol, modelID, found := strings.Cut(model, "/")
+	if !found {
+		return "openai", model
+	}
+	return protocol, modelID
+}
+
+// CreateProviderFromConfig creates a provider based on the ModelConfig.
+// It uses the protocol prefix in the Model field to determine which provider to create.
+// Supported protocols: openai, anthropic, antigravity, claude-cli, codex-cli, github-copilot
+// Returns the provider, the model ID (without protocol prefix), and any error.
+func CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg *config.ModelConfig) (LLMProvider, string, error) {
+	if cfg == nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("config is nil")
+	}
+
+	if cfg.Model == "" {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("model is required")
+	}
+
+	protocol, modelID := ExtractProtocol(cfg.Model)
+
+	switch protocol {
+	case "openai":
+		// OpenAI with OAuth/token auth (Codex-style)
+		if cfg.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.AuthMethod == "token" {
+			provider, err := createCodexAuthProvider()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", err
+			}
+			return provider, modelID, nil
+		}
+		// OpenAI with API key
+		if cfg.APIKey == "" && cfg.APIBase == "" {
+			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("api_key or api_base is required for HTTP-based protocol %q", protocol)
+		}
+		apiBase := cfg.APIBase
+		if apiBase == "" {
+			apiBase = getDefaultAPIBase(protocol)
+		}
+		return NewHTTPProviderWithMaxTokensField(cfg.APIKey, apiBase, cfg.Proxy, cfg.MaxTokensField), modelID, nil
+
+	case "openrouter", "groq", "zhipu", "gemini", "nvidia",
+		"ollama", "moonshot", "shengsuanyun", "deepseek", "cerebras",
+		"volcengine", "vllm", "qwen":
+		// All other OpenAI-compatible HTTP providers
+		if cfg.APIKey == "" && cfg.APIBase == "" {
+			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("api_key or api_base is required for HTTP-based protocol %q", protocol)
+		}
+		apiBase := cfg.APIBase
+		if apiBase == "" {
+			apiBase = getDefaultAPIBase(protocol)
+		}
+		return NewHTTPProviderWithMaxTokensField(cfg.APIKey, apiBase, cfg.Proxy, cfg.MaxTokensField), modelID, nil
+
+	case "anthropic":
+		if cfg.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.AuthMethod == "token" {
+			// Use OAuth credentials from auth store
+			provider, err := createClaudeAuthProvider()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, "", err
+			}
+			return provider, modelID, nil
+		}
+		// Use API key with HTTP API
+		apiBase := cfg.APIBase
+		if apiBase == "" {
+			apiBase = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1"
+		}
+		if cfg.APIKey == "" {
+			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("api_key is required for anthropic protocol (model: %s)", cfg.Model)
+		}
+		return NewHTTPProviderWithMaxTokensField(cfg.APIKey, apiBase, cfg.Proxy, cfg.MaxTokensField), modelID, nil
+
+	case "antigravity":
+		return NewAntigravityProvider(), modelID, nil
+
+	case "claude-cli", "claudecli":
+		workspace := cfg.Workspace
+		if workspace == "" {
+			workspace = "."
+		}
+		return NewClaudeCliProvider(workspace), modelID, nil
+
+	case "codex-cli", "codexcli":
+		workspace := cfg.Workspace
+		if workspace == "" {
+			workspace = "."
+		}
+		return NewCodexCliProvider(workspace), modelID, nil
+
+	case "github-copilot", "copilot":
+		apiBase := cfg.APIBase
+		if apiBase == "" {
+			apiBase = "localhost:4321"
+		}
+		connectMode := cfg.ConnectMode
+		if connectMode == "" {
+			connectMode = "grpc"
+		}
+		provider, err := NewGitHubCopilotProvider(apiBase, connectMode, modelID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, "", err
+		}
+		return provider, modelID, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unknown protocol %q in model %q", protocol, cfg.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+// getDefaultAPIBase returns the default API base URL for a given protocol.
+func getDefaultAPIBase(protocol string) string {
+	switch protocol {
+	case "openai":
+		return "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+	case "openrouter":
+		return "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
+	case "groq":
+		return "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
+	case "zhipu":
+		return "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
+	case "gemini":
+		return "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
+	case "nvidia":
+		return "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"
+	case "ollama":
+		return "http://localhost:11434/v1"
+	case "moonshot":
+		return "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1"
+	case "shengsuanyun":
+		return "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1"
+	case "deepseek":
+		return "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"
+	case "cerebras":
+		return "https://api.cerebras.ai/v1"
+	case "volcengine":
+		return "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3"
+	case "qwen":
+		return "https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"
+	case "vllm":
+		return "http://localhost:8000/v1"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/factory_provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/factory_provider_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func TestExtractProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		model        string
+		wantProtocol string
+		wantModelID  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:         "openai with prefix",
+			model:        "openai/gpt-4o",
+			wantProtocol: "openai",
+			wantModelID:  "gpt-4o",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "anthropic with prefix",
+			model:        "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+			wantProtocol: "anthropic",
+			wantModelID:  "claude-sonnet-4.6",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "no prefix - defaults to openai",
+			model:        "gpt-4o",
+			wantProtocol: "openai",
+			wantModelID:  "gpt-4o",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "groq with prefix",
+			model:        "groq/llama-3.1-70b",
+			wantProtocol: "groq",
+			wantModelID:  "llama-3.1-70b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "empty string",
+			model:        "",
+			wantProtocol: "openai",
+			wantModelID:  "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "with whitespace",
+			model:        "  openai/gpt-4  ",
+			wantProtocol: "openai",
+			wantModelID:  "gpt-4",
+		},
+		{
+			name:         "multiple slashes",
+			model:        "nvidia/meta/llama-3.1-8b",
+			wantProtocol: "nvidia",
+			wantModelID:  "meta/llama-3.1-8b",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			protocol, modelID := ExtractProtocol(tt.model)
+			if protocol != tt.wantProtocol {
+				t.Errorf("ExtractProtocol(%q) protocol = %q, want %q", tt.model, protocol, tt.wantProtocol)
+			}
+			if modelID != tt.wantModelID {
+				t.Errorf("ExtractProtocol(%q) modelID = %q, want %q", tt.model, modelID, tt.wantModelID)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_OpenAI(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-openai",
+		Model:     "openai/gpt-4o",
+		APIKey:    "test-key",
+		APIBase:   "https://api.example.com/v1",
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+	}
+	if modelID != "gpt-4o" {
+		t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "gpt-4o")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_DefaultAPIBase(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		protocol string
+	}{
+		{"openai", "openai"},
+		{"groq", "groq"},
+		{"openrouter", "openrouter"},
+		{"cerebras", "cerebras"},
+		{"qwen", "qwen"},
+		{"vllm", "vllm"},
+		{"deepseek", "deepseek"},
+		{"ollama", "ollama"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+				ModelName: "test-" + tt.protocol,
+				Model:     tt.protocol + "/test-model",
+				APIKey:    "test-key",
+			}
+
+			provider, _, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Verify we got an HTTPProvider for all these protocols
+			if _, ok := provider.(*HTTPProvider); !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *HTTPProvider, got %T", provider)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_Anthropic(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-anthropic",
+		Model:     "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+		APIKey:    "test-key",
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+	}
+	if modelID != "claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_Antigravity(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-antigravity",
+		Model:     "antigravity/gemini-2.0-flash",
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+	}
+	if modelID != "gemini-2.0-flash" {
+		t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "gemini-2.0-flash")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_ClaudeCLI(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-claude-cli",
+		Model:     "claude-cli/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+	}
+	if modelID != "claude-sonnet-4.6" {
+		t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "claude-sonnet-4.6")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_CodexCLI(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-codex-cli",
+		Model:     "codex-cli/codex",
+	}
+
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if provider == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+	}
+	if modelID != "codex" {
+		t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "codex")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_MissingAPIKey(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-no-key",
+		Model:     "openai/gpt-4o",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() expected error for missing API key")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_UnknownProtocol(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-unknown",
+		Model:     "unknown-protocol/model",
+		APIKey:    "test-key",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() expected error for unknown protocol")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_NilConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig(nil) expected error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_EmptyModel(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+		ModelName: "test-empty",
+		Model:     "",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() expected error for empty model")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/factory_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/factory_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func TestResolveProviderSelection(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		setup         func(*config.Config)
+		wantType      providerType
+		wantAPIBase   string
+		wantProxy     string
+		wantErrSubstr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "explicit claude-cli provider routes to cli provider type",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "claude-cli"
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace = "/tmp/ws"
+			},
+			wantType: providerTypeClaudeCLI,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit copilot provider routes to github copilot type",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "copilot"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeGitHubCopilot,
+			wantAPIBase: "localhost:4321",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit deepseek provider uses deepseek defaults",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "deepseek"
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "deepseek/deepseek-chat"
+				cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey = "deepseek-key"
+				cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.Proxy = "http://127.0.0.1:7890"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://api.deepseek.com/v1",
+			wantProxy:   "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit shengsuanyun provider uses defaults",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "shengsuanyun"
+				cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey = "ssy-key"
+				cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.Proxy = "http://127.0.0.1:7890"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1",
+			wantProxy:   "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit nvidia provider uses defaults",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "nvidia"
+				cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey = "nvapi-test"
+				cfg.Providers.Nvidia.Proxy = "http://127.0.0.1:7890"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1",
+			wantProxy:   "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "openrouter model uses openrouter defaults",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "openrouter/auto"
+				cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey = "sk-or-test"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "anthropic oauth routes to claude auth provider",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "claude-sonnet-4.6"
+				cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod = "oauth"
+			},
+			wantType: providerTypeClaudeAuth,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "openai oauth routes to codex auth provider",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "gpt-4o"
+				cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = "oauth"
+			},
+			wantType: providerTypeCodexAuth,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "openai codex-cli auth routes to codex cli token provider",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "gpt-4o"
+				cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod = "codex-cli"
+			},
+			wantType: providerTypeCodexCLIToken,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "explicit codex-code provider routes to codex cli provider type",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider = "codex-code"
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace = "/tmp/ws"
+			},
+			wantType: providerTypeCodexCLI,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "zhipu model uses zhipu base default",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "glm-4.7"
+				cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey = "zhipu-key"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "groq model uses groq base default",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "groq/llama-3.3-70b"
+				cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey = "gsk-key"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ollama model uses ollama base default",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "ollama/qwen2.5:14b"
+				cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIKey = "ollama-key"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "http://localhost:11434/v1",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "moonshot model keeps proxy and default base",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "moonshot/kimi-k2.5"
+				cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey = "moonshot-key"
+				cfg.Providers.Moonshot.Proxy = "http://127.0.0.1:7890"
+			},
+			wantType:    providerTypeHTTPCompat,
+			wantAPIBase: "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1",
+			wantProxy:   "http://127.0.0.1:7890",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing keys returns model config error",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "custom-model"
+			},
+			wantErrSubstr: "no API key configured for model",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "openrouter prefix without key returns provider key error",
+			setup: func(cfg *config.Config) {
+				cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "openrouter/auto"
+			},
+			wantErrSubstr: "no API key configured for provider",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+			tt.setup(cfg)
+
+			got, err := resolveProviderSelection(cfg)
+			if tt.wantErrSubstr != "" {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error containing %q, got nil", tt.wantErrSubstr)
+				}
+				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.wantErrSubstr) {
+					t.Fatalf("error = %q, want substring %q", err.Error(), tt.wantErrSubstr)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("resolveProviderSelection() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if got.providerType != tt.wantType {
+				t.Fatalf("providerType = %v, want %v", got.providerType, tt.wantType)
+			}
+			if tt.wantAPIBase != "" && got.apiBase != tt.wantAPIBase {
+				t.Fatalf("apiBase = %q, want %q", got.apiBase, tt.wantAPIBase)
+			}
+			if tt.wantProxy != "" && got.proxy != tt.wantProxy {
+				t.Fatalf("proxy = %q, want %q", got.proxy, tt.wantProxy)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderReturnsHTTPProviderForOpenRouter(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "test-openrouter"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{
+			ModelName: "test-openrouter",
+			Model:     "openrouter/auto",
+			APIKey:    "sk-or-test",
+			APIBase:   "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1",
+		},
+	}
+
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := provider.(*HTTPProvider); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("provider type = %T, want *HTTPProvider", provider)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderReturnsCodexCliProviderForCodexCode(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "test-codex"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{
+			ModelName: "test-codex",
+			Model:     "codex-cli/codex-model",
+			Workspace: "/tmp/workspace",
+		},
+	}
+
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := provider.(*CodexCliProvider); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("provider type = %T, want *CodexCliProvider", provider)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderReturnsClaudeCliProviderForClaudeCli(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "test-claude-cli"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{
+			ModelName: "test-claude-cli",
+			Model:     "claude-cli/claude-sonnet",
+			Workspace: "/tmp/workspace",
+		},
+	}
+
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := provider.(*ClaudeCliProvider); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("provider type = %T, want *ClaudeCliProvider", provider)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderReturnsClaudeProviderForAnthropicOAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	originalGetCredential := getCredential
+	t.Cleanup(func() { getCredential = originalGetCredential })
+
+	getCredential = func(provider string) (*auth.AuthCredential, error) {
+		if provider != "anthropic" {
+			t.Fatalf("provider = %q, want anthropic", provider)
+		}
+		return &auth.AuthCredential{
+			AccessToken: "anthropic-token",
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model = "test-claude-oauth"
+	cfg.ModelList = []config.ModelConfig{
+		{
+			ModelName:  "test-claude-oauth",
+			Model:      "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.6",
+			AuthMethod: "oauth",
+		},
+	}
+
+	provider, _, err := CreateProvider(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateProvider() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := provider.(*ClaudeProvider); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("provider type = %T, want *ClaudeProvider", provider)
+	}
+	// TODO: Test custom APIBase when createClaudeAuthProvider supports it
+}
+
+func TestCreateProviderReturnsCodexProviderForOpenAIOAuth(t *testing.T) {
+	// TODO: This test requires openai protocol to support auth_method: "oauth"
+	// which is not yet implemented in the new factory_provider.go
+	t.Skip("OpenAI OAuth via model_list not yet implemented")
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/fallback.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/fallback.go
@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// FallbackChain orchestrates model fallback across multiple candidates.
+type FallbackChain struct {
+	cooldown *CooldownTracker
+}
+
+// FallbackCandidate represents one model/provider to try.
+type FallbackCandidate struct {
+	Provider string
+	Model    string
+}
+
+// FallbackResult contains the successful response and metadata about all attempts.
+type FallbackResult struct {
+	Response *LLMResponse
+	Provider string
+	Model    string
+	Attempts []FallbackAttempt
+}
+
+// FallbackAttempt records one attempt in the fallback chain.
+type FallbackAttempt struct {
+	Provider string
+	Model    string
+	Error    error
+	Reason   FailoverReason
+	Duration time.Duration
+	Skipped  bool // true if skipped due to cooldown
+}
+
+// NewFallbackChain creates a new fallback chain with the given cooldown tracker.
+func NewFallbackChain(cooldown *CooldownTracker) *FallbackChain {
+	return &FallbackChain{cooldown: cooldown}
+}
+
+// ResolveCandidates parses model config into a deduplicated candidate list.
+func ResolveCandidates(cfg ModelConfig, defaultProvider string) []FallbackCandidate {
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	var candidates []FallbackCandidate
+
+	addCandidate := func(raw string) {
+		ref := ParseModelRef(raw, defaultProvider)
+		if ref == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		key := ModelKey(ref.Provider, ref.Model)
+		if seen[key] {
+			return
+		}
+		seen[key] = true
+		candidates = append(candidates, FallbackCandidate{
+			Provider: ref.Provider,
+			Model:    ref.Model,
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Primary first.
+	addCandidate(cfg.Primary)
+
+	// Then fallbacks.
+	for _, fb := range cfg.Fallbacks {
+		addCandidate(fb)
+	}
+
+	return candidates
+}
+
+// Execute runs the fallback chain for text/chat requests.
+// It tries each candidate in order, respecting cooldowns and error classification.
+//
+// Behavior:
+//   - Candidates in cooldown are skipped (logged as skipped attempt).
+//   - context.Canceled aborts immediately (user abort, no fallback).
+//   - Non-retriable errors (format) abort immediately.
+//   - Retriable errors trigger fallback to next candidate.
+//   - Success marks provider as good (resets cooldown).
+//   - If all fail, returns aggregate error with all attempts.
+func (fc *FallbackChain) Execute(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	candidates []FallbackCandidate,
+	run func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error),
+) (*FallbackResult, error) {
+	if len(candidates) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fallback: no candidates configured")
+	}
+
+	result := &FallbackResult{
+		Attempts: make([]FallbackAttempt, 0, len(candidates)),
+	}
+
+	for i, candidate := range candidates {
+		// Check context before each attempt.
+		if ctx.Err() == context.Canceled {
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+
+		// Check cooldown.
+		if !fc.cooldown.IsAvailable(candidate.Provider) {
+			remaining := fc.cooldown.CooldownRemaining(candidate.Provider)
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Skipped:  true,
+				Reason:   FailoverRateLimit,
+				Error:    fmt.Errorf("provider %s in cooldown (%s remaining)", candidate.Provider, remaining.Round(time.Second)),
+			})
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Execute the run function.
+		start := time.Now()
+		resp, err := run(ctx, candidate.Provider, candidate.Model)
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		if err == nil {
+			// Success.
+			fc.cooldown.MarkSuccess(candidate.Provider)
+			result.Response = resp
+			result.Provider = candidate.Provider
+			result.Model = candidate.Model
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		// Context cancellation: abort immediately, no fallback.
+		if ctx.Err() == context.Canceled {
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Error:    err,
+				Duration: elapsed,
+			})
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+
+		// Classify the error.
+		failErr := ClassifyError(err, candidate.Provider, candidate.Model)
+
+		if failErr == nil {
+			// Unclassifiable error: do not fallback, return immediately.
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Error:    err,
+				Duration: elapsed,
+			})
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("fallback: unclassified error from %s/%s: %w",
+				candidate.Provider, candidate.Model, err)
+		}
+
+		// Non-retriable error: abort immediately.
+		if !failErr.IsRetriable() {
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Error:    failErr,
+				Reason:   failErr.Reason,
+				Duration: elapsed,
+			})
+			return nil, failErr
+		}
+
+		// Retriable error: mark failure and continue to next candidate.
+		fc.cooldown.MarkFailure(candidate.Provider, failErr.Reason)
+		result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+			Provider: candidate.Provider,
+			Model:    candidate.Model,
+			Error:    failErr,
+			Reason:   failErr.Reason,
+			Duration: elapsed,
+		})
+
+		// If this was the last candidate, return aggregate error.
+		if i == len(candidates)-1 {
+			return nil, &FallbackExhaustedError{Attempts: result.Attempts}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All candidates were skipped (all in cooldown).
+	return nil, &FallbackExhaustedError{Attempts: result.Attempts}
+}
+
+// ExecuteImage runs the fallback chain for image/vision requests.
+// Simpler than Execute: no cooldown checks (image endpoints have different rate limits).
+// Image dimension/size errors abort immediately (non-retriable).
+func (fc *FallbackChain) ExecuteImage(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	candidates []FallbackCandidate,
+	run func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error),
+) (*FallbackResult, error) {
+	if len(candidates) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("image fallback: no candidates configured")
+	}
+
+	result := &FallbackResult{
+		Attempts: make([]FallbackAttempt, 0, len(candidates)),
+	}
+
+	for i, candidate := range candidates {
+		if ctx.Err() == context.Canceled {
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+
+		start := time.Now()
+		resp, err := run(ctx, candidate.Provider, candidate.Model)
+		elapsed := time.Since(start)
+
+		if err == nil {
+			result.Response = resp
+			result.Provider = candidate.Provider
+			result.Model = candidate.Model
+			return result, nil
+		}
+
+		if ctx.Err() == context.Canceled {
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Error:    err,
+				Duration: elapsed,
+			})
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+
+		// Image dimension/size errors are non-retriable.
+		errMsg := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
+		if IsImageDimensionError(errMsg) || IsImageSizeError(errMsg) {
+			result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Error:    err,
+				Reason:   FailoverFormat,
+				Duration: elapsed,
+			})
+			return nil, &FailoverError{
+				Reason:   FailoverFormat,
+				Provider: candidate.Provider,
+				Model:    candidate.Model,
+				Wrapped:  err,
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Any other error: record and try next.
+		result.Attempts = append(result.Attempts, FallbackAttempt{
+			Provider: candidate.Provider,
+			Model:    candidate.Model,
+			Error:    err,
+			Duration: elapsed,
+		})
+
+		if i == len(candidates)-1 {
+			return nil, &FallbackExhaustedError{Attempts: result.Attempts}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, &FallbackExhaustedError{Attempts: result.Attempts}
+}
+
+// FallbackExhaustedError indicates all fallback candidates were tried and failed.
+type FallbackExhaustedError struct {
+	Attempts []FallbackAttempt
+}
+
+func (e *FallbackExhaustedError) Error() string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("fallback: all %d candidates failed:", len(e.Attempts)))
+	for i, a := range e.Attempts {
+		if a.Skipped {
+			sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\n  [%d] %s/%s: skipped (cooldown)", i+1, a.Provider, a.Model))
+		} else {
+			sb.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("\n  [%d] %s/%s: %v (reason=%s, %s)",
+				i+1, a.Provider, a.Model, a.Error, a.Reason, a.Duration.Round(time.Millisecond)))
+		}
+	}
+	return sb.String()
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/fallback_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/fallback_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func makeCandidate(provider, model string) FallbackCandidate {
+	return FallbackCandidate{Provider: provider, Model: model}
+}
+
+func successRun(content string) func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		return &LLMResponse{Content: content, FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func failRun(err error) func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_SingleCandidate_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4")}
+	result, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, successRun("hello"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Response.Content != "hello" {
+		t.Errorf("content = %q, want hello", result.Response.Content)
+	}
+	if result.Provider != "openai" || result.Model != "gpt-4" {
+		t.Errorf("provider/model = %s/%s, want openai/gpt-4", result.Provider, result.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_SecondCandidateSuccess(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude-opus"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		if attempt == 1 {
+			return nil, errors.New("rate limit exceeded")
+		}
+		return &LLMResponse{Content: "from claude", FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+	}
+
+	result, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Provider != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want anthropic", result.Provider)
+	}
+	if result.Response.Content != "from claude" {
+		t.Errorf("content = %q, want 'from claude'", result.Response.Content)
+	}
+	if len(result.Attempts) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("attempts = %d, want 1 (failed attempt recorded)", len(result.Attempts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_AllFail(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+		makeCandidate("groq", "llama"),
+	}
+
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("rate limit exceeded")
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error when all candidates fail")
+	}
+	var exhausted *FallbackExhaustedError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exhausted) {
+		t.Errorf("expected FallbackExhaustedError, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if len(exhausted.Attempts) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("attempts = %d, want 3", len(exhausted.Attempts))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_ContextCanceled(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		if attempt == 1 {
+			cancel() // cancel context
+			return nil, context.Canceled
+		}
+		t.Error("should not reach second candidate after cancel")
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(ctx, candidates, run)
+	if err != context.Canceled {
+		t.Errorf("expected context.Canceled, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_NonRetriableError(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		return nil, errors.New("string should match pattern")
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for non-retriable")
+	}
+	var fe *FailoverError
+	if !errors.As(err, &fe) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected FailoverError, got %T", err)
+	}
+	if fe.Reason != FailoverFormat {
+		t.Errorf("reason = %q, want format", fe.Reason)
+	}
+	if attempt != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("attempt = %d, want 1 (non-retriable should not try next)", attempt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_CooldownSkip(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	ct, _ := newTestTracker(now)
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	// Put openai in cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		if provider == "openai" {
+			t.Error("should not call openai (in cooldown)")
+		}
+		return &LLMResponse{Content: "claude response", FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+	}
+
+	result, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Provider != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want anthropic", result.Provider)
+	}
+	// Should have 1 skipped attempt
+	skipped := 0
+	for _, a := range result.Attempts {
+		if a.Skipped {
+			skipped++
+		}
+	}
+	if skipped != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("skipped = %d, want 1", skipped)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_AllInCooldown(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	// Put all providers in cooldown
+	ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit)
+	ct.MarkFailure("anthropic", FailoverBilling)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates,
+		func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+			t.Error("should not call any provider (all in cooldown)")
+			return nil, nil
+		})
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error when all in cooldown")
+	}
+	var exhausted *FallbackExhaustedError
+	if !errors.As(err, &exhausted) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected FallbackExhaustedError, got %T", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_NoCandidates(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), nil, successRun("ok"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for empty candidates")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_EmptyFallbacks(t *testing.T) {
+	// Single primary, no fallbacks: should work like direct call
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4")}
+	result, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, successRun("ok"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Response.Content != "ok" {
+		t.Error("expected success with single candidate")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_UnclassifiedError(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		return nil, errors.New("completely unknown internal error")
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unclassified error")
+	}
+	if attempt != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("attempt = %d, want 1 (should not fallback on unclassified)", attempt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallback_SuccessResetsCooldown(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4")}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		if attempt == 1 {
+			ct.MarkFailure("openai", FailoverRateLimit) // simulate failure tracked elsewhere
+		}
+		return &LLMResponse{Content: "ok", FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.Execute(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !ct.IsAvailable("openai") {
+		t.Error("success should reset cooldown")
+	}
+}
+
+// --- Image Fallback Tests ---
+
+func TestImageFallback_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4o")}
+	result, err := fc.ExecuteImage(context.Background(), candidates, successRun("image result"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Response.Content != "image result" {
+		t.Error("expected image result")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageFallback_DimensionError(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4o"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		return nil, errors.New("image dimensions exceed max 4096x4096")
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.ExecuteImage(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for image dimension error")
+	}
+	if attempt != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("attempt = %d, want 1 (image dimension error should not retry)", attempt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageFallback_SizeError(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4o"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		return nil, errors.New("image exceeds 20 mb")
+	}
+
+	_, err := fc.ExecuteImage(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for image size error")
+	}
+	if attempt != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("attempt = %d, want 1 (image size error should not retry)", attempt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageFallback_RetryOnOtherErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	candidates := []FallbackCandidate{
+		makeCandidate("openai", "gpt-4o"),
+		makeCandidate("anthropic", "claude-sonnet"),
+	}
+
+	attempt := 0
+	run := func(ctx context.Context, provider, model string) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+		attempt++
+		if attempt == 1 {
+			return nil, errors.New("rate limit exceeded")
+		}
+		return &LLMResponse{Content: "image ok", FinishReason: "stop"}, nil
+	}
+
+	result, err := fc.ExecuteImage(context.Background(), candidates, run)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Provider != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want anthropic", result.Provider)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImageFallback_NoCandidates(t *testing.T) {
+	ct := NewCooldownTracker()
+	fc := NewFallbackChain(ct)
+
+	_, err := fc.ExecuteImage(context.Background(), nil, successRun("ok"))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for empty candidates")
+	}
+}
+
+// --- ResolveCandidates Tests ---
+
+func TestResolveCandidates_Simple(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := ModelConfig{
+		Primary:   "gpt-4",
+		Fallbacks: []string{"anthropic/claude-opus", "groq/llama-3"},
+	}
+
+	candidates := ResolveCandidates(cfg, "openai")
+	if len(candidates) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("candidates = %d, want 3", len(candidates))
+	}
+
+	if candidates[0].Provider != "openai" || candidates[0].Model != "gpt-4" {
+		t.Errorf("candidate[0] = %s/%s, want openai/gpt-4", candidates[0].Provider, candidates[0].Model)
+	}
+	if candidates[1].Provider != "anthropic" || candidates[1].Model != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("candidate[1] = %s/%s, want anthropic/claude-opus", candidates[1].Provider, candidates[1].Model)
+	}
+	if candidates[2].Provider != "groq" || candidates[2].Model != "llama-3" {
+		t.Errorf("candidate[2] = %s/%s, want groq/llama-3", candidates[2].Provider, candidates[2].Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveCandidates_Deduplication(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := ModelConfig{
+		Primary:   "openai/gpt-4",
+		Fallbacks: []string{"openai/gpt-4", "anthropic/claude"},
+	}
+
+	candidates := ResolveCandidates(cfg, "default")
+	if len(candidates) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("candidates = %d, want 2 (duplicate removed)", len(candidates))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveCandidates_EmptyFallbacks(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := ModelConfig{
+		Primary:   "gpt-4",
+		Fallbacks: nil,
+	}
+
+	candidates := ResolveCandidates(cfg, "openai")
+	if len(candidates) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("candidates = %d, want 1", len(candidates))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveCandidates_EmptyPrimary(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := ModelConfig{
+		Primary:   "",
+		Fallbacks: []string{"anthropic/claude"},
+	}
+
+	candidates := ResolveCandidates(cfg, "openai")
+	if len(candidates) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("candidates = %d, want 1", len(candidates))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFallbackExhaustedError_Message(t *testing.T) {
+	e := &FallbackExhaustedError{
+		Attempts: []FallbackAttempt{
+			{Provider: "openai", Model: "gpt-4", Error: errors.New("rate limited"), Reason: FailoverRateLimit, Duration: 500 * time.Millisecond},
+			{Provider: "anthropic", Model: "claude", Skipped: true},
+		},
+	}
+	msg := e.Error()
+	if msg == "" {
+		t.Error("expected non-empty error message")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/http_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/http_provider.go
@ -7,462 +7,31 @@
 package providers

 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
-	"strings"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/auth"
-	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/openai_compat"
 )

 type HTTPProvider struct {
-	apiKey     string
-	apiBase    string
-	httpClient *http.Client
+	delegate *openai_compat.Provider
 }

 func NewHTTPProvider(apiKey, apiBase, proxy string) *HTTPProvider {
-	client := &http.Client{
-		Timeout: 120 * time.Second,
-	}
-
-	if proxy != "" {
-		proxyURL, err := url.Parse(proxy)
-		if err == nil {
-			client.Transport = &http.Transport{
-				Proxy: http.ProxyURL(proxyURL),
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	return &HTTPProvider{
-		apiKey:     apiKey,
-		apiBase:    strings.TrimRight(apiBase, "/"),
-		httpClient: client,
+		delegate: openai_compat.NewProvider(apiKey, apiBase, proxy),
+	}
+}
+
+func NewHTTPProviderWithMaxTokensField(apiKey, apiBase, proxy, maxTokensField string) *HTTPProvider {
+	return &HTTPProvider{
+		delegate: openai_compat.NewProviderWithMaxTokensField(apiKey, apiBase, proxy, maxTokensField),
 	}
 }

 func (p *HTTPProvider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error) {
-	if p.apiBase == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API base not configured")
-	}
-
-	// Strip provider prefix from model name (e.g., moonshot/kimi-k2.5 -> kimi-k2.5, groq/openai/gpt-oss-120b -> openai/gpt-oss-120b, ollama/qwen2.5:14b -> qwen2.5:14b)
-	if idx := strings.Index(model, "/"); idx != -1 {
-		prefix := model[:idx]
-		if prefix == "moonshot" || prefix == "nvidia" || prefix == "groq" || prefix == "ollama" {
-			model = model[idx+1:]
-		}
-	}
-
-	requestBody := map[string]interface{}{
-		"model":    model,
-		"messages": messages,
-	}
-
-	if len(tools) > 0 {
-		requestBody["tools"] = tools
-		requestBody["tool_choice"] = "auto"
-	}
-
-	if maxTokens, ok := options["max_tokens"].(int); ok {
-		lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
-		if strings.Contains(lowerModel, "glm") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "o1") {
-			requestBody["max_completion_tokens"] = maxTokens
-		} else {
-			requestBody["max_tokens"] = maxTokens
-		}
-	}
-
-	if temperature, ok := options["temperature"].(float64); ok {
-		lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
-		// Kimi k2 models only support temperature=1
-		if strings.Contains(lowerModel, "kimi") && strings.Contains(lowerModel, "k2") {
-			requestBody["temperature"] = 1.0
-		} else {
-			requestBody["temperature"] = temperature
-		}
-	}
-
-	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(requestBody)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal request: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", p.apiBase+"/chat/completions", bytes.NewReader(jsonData))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	if p.apiKey != "" {
-		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+p.apiKey)
-	}
-
-	resp, err := p.httpClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to send request: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API request failed:\n  Status: %d\n  Body:   %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
-	}
-
-	return p.parseResponse(body)
-}
-
-func (p *HTTPProvider) parseResponse(body []byte) (*LLMResponse, error) {
-	var apiResponse struct {
-		Choices []struct {
-			Message struct {
-				Content   string `json:"content"`
-				ToolCalls []struct {
-					ID       string `json:"id"`
-					Type     string `json:"type"`
-					Function *struct {
-						Name      string `json:"name"`
-						Arguments string `json:"arguments"`
-					} `json:"function"`
-				} `json:"tool_calls"`
-			} `json:"message"`
-			FinishReason string `json:"finish_reason"`
-		} `json:"choices"`
-		Usage *UsageInfo `json:"usage"`
-	}
-
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &apiResponse); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal response: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if len(apiResponse.Choices) == 0 {
-		return &LLMResponse{
-			Content:      "",
-			FinishReason: "stop",
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	choice := apiResponse.Choices[0]
-
-	toolCalls := make([]ToolCall, 0, len(choice.Message.ToolCalls))
-	for _, tc := range choice.Message.ToolCalls {
-		arguments := make(map[string]interface{})
-		name := ""
-
-		// Handle OpenAI format with nested function object
-		if tc.Type == "function" && tc.Function != nil {
-			name = tc.Function.Name
-			if tc.Function.Arguments != "" {
-				if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.Function.Arguments), &arguments); err != nil {
-					arguments["raw"] = tc.Function.Arguments
-				}
-			}
-		} else if tc.Function != nil {
-			// Legacy format without type field
-			name = tc.Function.Name
-			if tc.Function.Arguments != "" {
-				if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.Function.Arguments), &arguments); err != nil {
-					arguments["raw"] = tc.Function.Arguments
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		toolCalls = append(toolCalls, ToolCall{
-			ID:        tc.ID,
-			Name:      name,
-			Arguments: arguments,
-		})
-	}
-
-	return &LLMResponse{
-		Content:      choice.Message.Content,
-		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
-		FinishReason: choice.FinishReason,
-		Usage:        apiResponse.Usage,
-	}, nil
+	return p.delegate.Chat(ctx, messages, tools, model, options)
 }

 func (p *HTTPProvider) GetDefaultModel() string {
 	return ""
 }
-
-func createClaudeAuthProvider() (LLMProvider, error) {
-	cred, err := auth.GetCredential("anthropic")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
-	}
-	if cred == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no credentials for anthropic. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider anthropic")
-	}
-	return NewClaudeProviderWithTokenSource(cred.AccessToken, createClaudeTokenSource()), nil
-}
-
-func createCodexAuthProvider() (LLMProvider, error) {
-	cred, err := auth.GetCredential("openai")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading auth credentials: %w", err)
-	}
-	if cred == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no credentials for openai. Run: picoclaw auth login --provider openai")
-	}
-	return NewCodexProviderWithTokenSource(cred.AccessToken, cred.AccountID, createCodexTokenSource()), nil
-}
-
-func CreateProvider(cfg *config.Config) (LLMProvider, error) {
-	model := cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model
-	providerName := strings.ToLower(cfg.Agents.Defaults.Provider)
-
-	var apiKey, apiBase, proxy string
-
-	lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
-
-	// First, try to use explicitly configured provider
-	if providerName != "" {
-		switch providerName {
-		case "groq":
-			if cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
-				}
-			}
-		case "openai", "gpt":
-			if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod != "" {
-				if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "codex-cli" {
-					return NewCodexProviderWithTokenSource("", "", CreateCodexCliTokenSource()), nil
-				}
-				if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "token" {
-					return createCodexAuthProvider()
-				}
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
-				}
-			}
-		case "anthropic", "claude":
-			if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod != "" {
-				if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "token" {
-					return createClaudeAuthProvider()
-				}
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1"
-				}
-			}
-		case "openrouter":
-			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
-				if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
-					apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
-				} else {
-					apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
-				}
-			}
-		case "zhipu", "glm":
-			if cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
-				}
-			}
-		case "gemini", "google":
-			if cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
-				}
-			}
-		case "vllm":
-			if cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase
-			}
-		case "shengsuanyun":
-			if cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.ShengSuanYun.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1"
-				}
-			}
-		case "claude-cli", "claudecode", "claude-code":
-			workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
-			if workspace == "" {
-				workspace = "."
-			}
-			return NewClaudeCliProvider(workspace), nil
-		case "codex-cli", "codex-code":
-			workspace := cfg.WorkspacePath()
-			if workspace == "" {
-				workspace = "."
-			}
-			return NewCodexCliProvider(workspace), nil
-		case "deepseek":
-			if cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.DeepSeek.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"
-				}
-				if model != "deepseek-chat" && model != "deepseek-reasoner" {
-					model = "deepseek-chat"
-				}
-			}
-		case "github_copilot", "copilot":
-			if cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.APIBase != "" {
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.APIBase
-			} else {
-				apiBase = "localhost:4321"
-			}
-			return NewGitHubCopilotProvider(apiBase, cfg.Providers.GitHubCopilot.ConnectMode, model)
-
-		case "volcengine", "doubao":
-			if cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIKey
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIBase
-				if apiBase == "" {
-					apiBase = "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3"
-				}
-			}
-
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	// Fallback: detect provider from model name
-	if apiKey == "" && apiBase == "" {
-		switch {
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "kimi") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "moonshot") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "moonshot/")) && cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Moonshot.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1"
-			}
-
-		case strings.HasPrefix(model, "openrouter/") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "anthropic/") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "openai/") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "meta-llama/") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "deepseek/") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "google/"):
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.Proxy
-			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
-				apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
-			} else {
-				apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "claude") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "anthropic/")) && (cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod != ""):
-			if cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.Anthropic.AuthMethod == "token" {
-				return createClaudeAuthProvider()
-			}
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Anthropic.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://api.anthropic.com/v1"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "gpt") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "openai/")) && (cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey != "" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod != ""):
-			if cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "oauth" || cfg.Providers.OpenAI.AuthMethod == "token" {
-				return createCodexAuthProvider()
-			}
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenAI.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://api.openai.com/v1"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "gemini") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "google/")) && cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Gemini.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Gemini.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "glm") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "zhipu") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "zai")) && cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Zhipu.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "groq") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "groq/")) && cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Groq.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Groq.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
-			}
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "nvidia") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "nvidia/")) && cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Nvidia.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"
-			}
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "ollama") || strings.HasPrefix(model, "ollama/")) && cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIKey != "":
-			fmt.Println("Ollama provider selected based on model name prefix")
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.Ollama.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.Ollama.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "http://localhost:11434/v1"
-			}
-			fmt.Println("Ollama apiBase:", apiBase)
-
-		case (strings.Contains(lowerModel, "doubao") || strings.HasPrefix(lowerModel, "doubao") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "volcengine")) && cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIKey != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.VolcEngine.Proxy
-			if apiBase == "" {
-				apiBase = "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3"
-			}
-
-		case cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase != "":
-			apiKey = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIKey
-			apiBase = cfg.Providers.VLLM.APIBase
-			proxy = cfg.Providers.VLLM.Proxy
-
-		default:
-			if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey != "" {
-				apiKey = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIKey
-				proxy = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.Proxy
-				if cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase != "" {
-					apiBase = cfg.Providers.OpenRouter.APIBase
-				} else {
-					apiBase = "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
-				}
-			} else {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("no API key configured for model: %s", model)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if apiKey == "" && !strings.HasPrefix(model, "bedrock/") {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no API key configured for provider (model: %s)", model)
-	}
-
-	if apiBase == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no API base configured for provider (model: %s)", model)
-	}
-
-	return NewHTTPProvider(apiKey, apiBase, proxy), nil
-}
--- a/pkg/providers/legacy_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/legacy_provider.go
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package providers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+// CreateProvider creates a provider based on the configuration.
+// It uses the model_list configuration (new format) to create providers.
+// The old providers config is automatically converted to model_list during config loading.
+// Returns the provider, the model ID to use, and any error.
+func CreateProvider(cfg *config.Config) (LLMProvider, string, error) {
+	model := cfg.Agents.Defaults.Model
+
+	// Ensure model_list is populated (should be done by LoadConfig, but handle edge cases)
+	if len(cfg.ModelList) == 0 && cfg.HasProvidersConfig() {
+		cfg.ModelList = config.ConvertProvidersToModelList(cfg)
+	}
+
+	// Must have model_list at this point
+	if len(cfg.ModelList) == 0 {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("no providers configured. Please add entries to model_list in your config")
+	}
+
+	// Get model config from model_list
+	modelCfg, err := cfg.GetModelConfig(model)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("model %q not found in model_list: %w", model, err)
+	}
+
+	// Inject global workspace if not set in model config
+	if modelCfg.Workspace == "" {
+		modelCfg.Workspace = cfg.WorkspacePath()
+	}
+
+	// Use factory to create provider
+	provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(modelCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create provider for model %q: %w", model, err)
+	}
+
+	return provider, modelID, nil
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/model_ref.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/model_ref.go
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package providers
+
+import "strings"
+
+// ModelRef represents a parsed model reference with provider and model name.
+type ModelRef struct {
+	Provider string
+	Model    string
+}
+
+// ParseModelRef parses "anthropic/claude-opus" into {Provider: "anthropic", Model: "claude-opus"}.
+// If no slash present, uses defaultProvider.
+// Returns nil for empty input.
+func ParseModelRef(raw string, defaultProvider string) *ModelRef {
+	raw = strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if idx := strings.Index(raw, "/"); idx > 0 {
+		provider := NormalizeProvider(raw[:idx])
+		model := strings.TrimSpace(raw[idx+1:])
+		if model == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return &ModelRef{Provider: provider, Model: model}
+	}
+
+	return &ModelRef{
+		Provider: NormalizeProvider(defaultProvider),
+		Model:    raw,
+	}
+}
+
+// NormalizeProvider normalizes provider identifiers to canonical form.
+func NormalizeProvider(provider string) string {
+	p := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(provider))
+
+	switch p {
+	case "z.ai", "z-ai":
+		return "zai"
+	case "opencode-zen":
+		return "opencode"
+	case "qwen":
+		return "qwen-portal"
+	case "kimi-code":
+		return "kimi-coding"
+	case "gpt":
+		return "openai"
+	case "claude":
+		return "anthropic"
+	case "glm":
+		return "zhipu"
+	case "google":
+		return "gemini"
+	}
+
+	return p
+}
+
+// ModelKey returns a canonical "provider/model" key for deduplication.
+func ModelKey(provider, model string) string {
+	return NormalizeProvider(provider) + "/" + strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(model))
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/model_ref_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/model_ref_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package providers
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestParseModelRef_WithSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("anthropic/claude-opus", "openai")
+	if ref == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil ref")
+	}
+	if ref.Provider != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want anthropic", ref.Provider)
+	}
+	if ref.Model != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("model = %q, want claude-opus", ref.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_WithoutSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("gpt-4", "openai")
+	if ref == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil ref")
+	}
+	if ref.Provider != "openai" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want openai", ref.Provider)
+	}
+	if ref.Model != "gpt-4" {
+		t.Errorf("model = %q, want gpt-4", ref.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("", "openai")
+	if ref != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for empty string, got %+v", ref)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_EmptyModelAfterSlash(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("openai/", "default")
+	if ref != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil for empty model, got %+v", ref)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_WhitespaceHandling(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("  anthropic / claude-opus  ", "openai")
+	if ref == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil ref")
+	}
+	if ref.Provider != "anthropic" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want anthropic", ref.Provider)
+	}
+	if ref.Model != "claude-opus" {
+		t.Errorf("model = %q, want claude-opus", ref.Model)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeProvider(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"OpenAI", "openai"},
+		{"ANTHROPIC", "anthropic"},
+		{"z.ai", "zai"},
+		{"z-ai", "zai"},
+		{"Z.AI", "zai"},
+		{"opencode-zen", "opencode"},
+		{"qwen", "qwen-portal"},
+		{"kimi-code", "kimi-coding"},
+		{"gpt", "openai"},
+		{"claude", "anthropic"},
+		{"glm", "zhipu"},
+		{"google", "gemini"},
+		{"groq", "groq"},
+		{"", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := NormalizeProvider(tt.input)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("NormalizeProvider(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestModelKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		provider string
+		model    string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{"openai", "gpt-4", "openai/gpt-4"},
+		{"Anthropic", "Claude-Opus", "anthropic/claude-opus"},
+		{"claude", "sonnet", "anthropic/sonnet"},
+		{"z.ai", "Model-X", "zai/model-x"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := ModelKey(tt.provider, tt.model)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("ModelKey(%q, %q) = %q, want %q", tt.provider, tt.model, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_ProviderNormalization(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("Z.AI/model-x", "default")
+	if ref == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil ref")
+	}
+	if ref.Provider != "zai" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want zai", ref.Provider)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseModelRef_DefaultProviderNormalization(t *testing.T) {
+	ref := ParseModelRef("gpt-4o", "GPT")
+	if ref == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil ref")
+	}
+	if ref.Provider != "openai" {
+		t.Errorf("provider = %q, want openai (normalized from GPT)", ref.Provider)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/openai_compat/provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/openai_compat/provider.go
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package openai_compat
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/protocoltypes"
+)
+
+type ToolCall = protocoltypes.ToolCall
+type FunctionCall = protocoltypes.FunctionCall
+type LLMResponse = protocoltypes.LLMResponse
+type UsageInfo = protocoltypes.UsageInfo
+type Message = protocoltypes.Message
+type ToolDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolDefinition
+type ToolFunctionDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolFunctionDefinition
+type ExtraContent = protocoltypes.ExtraContent
+type GoogleExtra = protocoltypes.GoogleExtra
+
+type Provider struct {
+	apiKey         string
+	apiBase        string
+	maxTokensField string // Field name for max tokens (e.g., "max_completion_tokens" for o1/glm models)
+	httpClient     *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewProvider(apiKey, apiBase, proxy string) *Provider {
+	return NewProviderWithMaxTokensField(apiKey, apiBase, proxy, "")
+}
+
+func NewProviderWithMaxTokensField(apiKey, apiBase, proxy, maxTokensField string) *Provider {
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Timeout: 120 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	if proxy != "" {
+		parsed, err := url.Parse(proxy)
+		if err == nil {
+			client.Transport = &http.Transport{
+				Proxy: http.ProxyURL(parsed),
+			}
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("openai_compat: invalid proxy URL %q: %v", proxy, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &Provider{
+		apiKey:         apiKey,
+		apiBase:        strings.TrimRight(apiBase, "/"),
+		maxTokensField: maxTokensField,
+		httpClient:     client,
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	if p.apiBase == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API base not configured")
+	}
+
+	model = normalizeModel(model, p.apiBase)
+
+	requestBody := map[string]interface{}{
+		"model":    model,
+		"messages": messages,
+	}
+
+	if len(tools) > 0 {
+		requestBody["tools"] = tools
+		requestBody["tool_choice"] = "auto"
+	}
+
+	if maxTokens, ok := asInt(options["max_tokens"]); ok {
+		// Use configured maxTokensField if specified, otherwise fallback to model-based detection
+		fieldName := p.maxTokensField
+		if fieldName == "" {
+			// Fallback: detect from model name for backward compatibility
+			lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
+			if strings.Contains(lowerModel, "glm") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "o1") || strings.Contains(lowerModel, "gpt-5") {
+				fieldName = "max_completion_tokens"
+			} else {
+				fieldName = "max_tokens"
+			}
+		}
+		requestBody[fieldName] = maxTokens
+	}
+
+	if temperature, ok := asFloat(options["temperature"]); ok {
+		lowerModel := strings.ToLower(model)
+		// Kimi k2 models only support temperature=1.
+		if strings.Contains(lowerModel, "kimi") && strings.Contains(lowerModel, "k2") {
+			requestBody["temperature"] = 1.0
+		} else {
+			requestBody["temperature"] = temperature
+		}
+	}
+
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(requestBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", p.apiBase+"/chat/completions", bytes.NewReader(jsonData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	if p.apiKey != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+p.apiKey)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := p.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to send request: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("API request failed:\n  Status: %d\n  Body:   %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+	}
+
+	return parseResponse(body)
+}
+
+func parseResponse(body []byte) (*LLMResponse, error) {
+	var apiResponse struct {
+		Choices []struct {
+			Message struct {
+				Content   string `json:"content"`
+				ToolCalls []struct {
+					ID       string `json:"id"`
+					Type     string `json:"type"`
+					Function *struct {
+						Name      string `json:"name"`
+						Arguments string `json:"arguments"`
+					} `json:"function"`
+					ExtraContent *struct {
+						Google *struct {
+							ThoughtSignature string `json:"thought_signature"`
+						} `json:"google"`
+					} `json:"extra_content"`
+				} `json:"tool_calls"`
+			} `json:"message"`
+			FinishReason string `json:"finish_reason"`
+		} `json:"choices"`
+		Usage *UsageInfo `json:"usage"`
+	}
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &apiResponse); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(apiResponse.Choices) == 0 {
+		return &LLMResponse{
+			Content:      "",
+			FinishReason: "stop",
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	choice := apiResponse.Choices[0]
+	toolCalls := make([]ToolCall, 0, len(choice.Message.ToolCalls))
+	for _, tc := range choice.Message.ToolCalls {
+		arguments := make(map[string]interface{})
+		name := ""
+
+		// Extract thought_signature from Gemini/Google-specific extra content
+		thoughtSignature := ""
+		if tc.ExtraContent != nil && tc.ExtraContent.Google != nil {
+			thoughtSignature = tc.ExtraContent.Google.ThoughtSignature
+		}
+
+		if tc.Function != nil {
+			name = tc.Function.Name
+			if tc.Function.Arguments != "" {
+				if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tc.Function.Arguments), &arguments); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("openai_compat: failed to decode tool call arguments for %q: %v", name, err)
+					arguments["raw"] = tc.Function.Arguments
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Build ToolCall with ExtraContent for Gemini 3 thought_signature persistence
+		toolCall := ToolCall{
+			ID:               tc.ID,
+			Name:             name,
+			Arguments:        arguments,
+			ThoughtSignature: thoughtSignature,
+		}
+
+		if thoughtSignature != "" {
+			toolCall.ExtraContent = &ExtraContent{
+				Google: &GoogleExtra{
+					ThoughtSignature: thoughtSignature,
+				},
+			}
+		}
+
+		toolCalls = append(toolCalls, toolCall)
+	}
+
+	return &LLMResponse{
+		Content:      choice.Message.Content,
+		ToolCalls:    toolCalls,
+		FinishReason: choice.FinishReason,
+		Usage:        apiResponse.Usage,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func normalizeModel(model, apiBase string) string {
+	idx := strings.Index(model, "/")
+	if idx == -1 {
+		return model
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(apiBase), "openrouter.ai") {
+		return model
+	}
+
+	prefix := strings.ToLower(model[:idx])
+	switch prefix {
+	case "moonshot", "nvidia", "groq", "ollama", "deepseek", "google", "openrouter", "zhipu":
+		return model[idx+1:]
+	default:
+		return model
+	}
+}
+
+func asInt(v interface{}) (int, bool) {
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case int:
+		return val, true
+	case int64:
+		return int(val), true
+	case float64:
+		return int(val), true
+	case float32:
+		return int(val), true
+	default:
+		return 0, false
+	}
+}
+
+func asFloat(v interface{}) (float64, bool) {
+	switch val := v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		return val, true
+	case float32:
+		return float64(val), true
+	case int:
+		return float64(val), true
+	case int64:
+		return float64(val), true
+	default:
+		return 0, false
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/openai_compat/provider_test.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/openai_compat/provider_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+package openai_compat
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestProviderChat_UsesMaxCompletionTokensForGLM(t *testing.T) {
+	var requestBody map[string]interface{}
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/chat/completions" {
+			http.Error(w, "not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+			return
+		}
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&requestBody); err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"choices": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{
+					"message":       map[string]interface{}{"content": "ok"},
+					"finish_reason": "stop",
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+	_, err := p.Chat(t.Context(), []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}}, nil, "glm-4.7", map[string]interface{}{"max_tokens": 1234})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := requestBody["max_completion_tokens"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected max_completion_tokens in request body")
+	}
+	if _, ok := requestBody["max_tokens"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("did not expect max_tokens key for glm model")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderChat_ParsesToolCalls(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"choices": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{
+					"message": map[string]interface{}{
+						"content": "",
+						"tool_calls": []map[string]interface{}{
+							{
+								"id":   "call_1",
+								"type": "function",
+								"function": map[string]interface{}{
+									"name":      "get_weather",
+									"arguments": "{\"city\":\"SF\"}",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					"finish_reason": "tool_calls",
+				},
+			},
+			"usage": map[string]interface{}{
+				"prompt_tokens":     10,
+				"completion_tokens": 5,
+				"total_tokens":      15,
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+	out, err := p.Chat(t.Context(), []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}}, nil, "gpt-4o", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(out.ToolCalls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("len(ToolCalls) = %d, want 1", len(out.ToolCalls))
+	}
+	if out.ToolCalls[0].Name != "get_weather" {
+		t.Fatalf("ToolCalls[0].Name = %q, want %q", out.ToolCalls[0].Name, "get_weather")
+	}
+	if out.ToolCalls[0].Arguments["city"] != "SF" {
+		t.Fatalf("ToolCalls[0].Arguments[city] = %v, want SF", out.ToolCalls[0].Arguments["city"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderChat_HTTPError(t *testing.T) {
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Error(w, "bad request", http.StatusBadRequest)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+	_, err := p.Chat(t.Context(), []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}}, nil, "gpt-4o", nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderChat_StripsMoonshotPrefixAndNormalizesKimiTemperature(t *testing.T) {
+	var requestBody map[string]interface{}
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&requestBody); err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"choices": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{
+					"message":       map[string]interface{}{"content": "ok"},
+					"finish_reason": "stop",
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+	_, err := p.Chat(
+		t.Context(),
+		[]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}},
+		nil,
+		"moonshot/kimi-k2.5",
+		map[string]interface{}{"temperature": 0.3},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if requestBody["model"] != "kimi-k2.5" {
+		t.Fatalf("model = %v, want kimi-k2.5", requestBody["model"])
+	}
+	if requestBody["temperature"] != 1.0 {
+		t.Fatalf("temperature = %v, want 1.0", requestBody["temperature"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderChat_StripsGroqAndOllamaPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		input     string
+		wantModel string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:      "strips groq prefix and keeps nested model",
+			input:     "groq/openai/gpt-oss-120b",
+			wantModel: "openai/gpt-oss-120b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "strips ollama prefix",
+			input:     "ollama/qwen2.5:14b",
+			wantModel: "qwen2.5:14b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "strips deepseek prefix",
+			input:     "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
+			wantModel: "deepseek-chat",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var requestBody map[string]interface{}
+
+			server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+				if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&requestBody); err != nil {
+					http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+					return
+				}
+				resp := map[string]interface{}{
+					"choices": []map[string]interface{}{
+						{
+							"message":       map[string]interface{}{"content": "ok"},
+							"finish_reason": "stop",
+						},
+					},
+				}
+				w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+				json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+			}))
+			defer server.Close()
+
+			p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+			_, err := p.Chat(t.Context(), []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}}, nil, tt.input, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if requestBody["model"] != tt.wantModel {
+				t.Fatalf("model = %v, want %s", requestBody["model"], tt.wantModel)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProvider_ProxyConfigured(t *testing.T) {
+	proxyURL := "http://127.0.0.1:8080"
+	p := NewProvider("key", "https://example.com", proxyURL)
+
+	transport, ok := p.httpClient.Transport.(*http.Transport)
+	if !ok || transport == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected http transport with proxy, got %T", p.httpClient.Transport)
+	}
+
+	req := &http.Request{URL: &url.URL{Scheme: "https", Host: "api.example.com"}}
+	gotProxy, err := transport.Proxy(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("proxy function returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotProxy == nil || gotProxy.String() != proxyURL {
+		t.Fatalf("proxy = %v, want %s", gotProxy, proxyURL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderChat_AcceptsNumericOptionTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	var requestBody map[string]interface{}
+
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&requestBody); err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+		resp := map[string]interface{}{
+			"choices": []map[string]interface{}{
+				{
+					"message":       map[string]interface{}{"content": "ok"},
+					"finish_reason": "stop",
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	p := NewProvider("key", server.URL, "")
+	_, err := p.Chat(
+		t.Context(),
+		[]Message{{Role: "user", Content: "hi"}},
+		nil,
+		"gpt-4o",
+		map[string]interface{}{"max_tokens": float64(512), "temperature": 1},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chat() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if requestBody["max_tokens"] != float64(512) {
+		t.Fatalf("max_tokens = %v, want 512", requestBody["max_tokens"])
+	}
+	if requestBody["temperature"] != float64(1) {
+		t.Fatalf("temperature = %v, want 1", requestBody["temperature"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeModel_UsesAPIBase(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := normalizeModel("deepseek/deepseek-chat", "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"); got != "deepseek-chat" {
+		t.Fatalf("normalizeModel(deepseek) = %q, want %q", got, "deepseek-chat")
+	}
+	if got := normalizeModel("openrouter/auto", "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"); got != "openrouter/auto" {
+		t.Fatalf("normalizeModel(openrouter) = %q, want %q", got, "openrouter/auto")
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/protocoltypes/types.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/protocoltypes/types.go
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package protocoltypes
+
+type ToolCall struct {
+	ID               string                 `json:"id"`
+	Type             string                 `json:"type,omitempty"`
+	Function         *FunctionCall          `json:"function,omitempty"`
+	Name             string                 `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	Arguments        map[string]interface{} `json:"arguments,omitempty"`
+	ThoughtSignature string                 `json:"-"` // Internal use only
+	ExtraContent     *ExtraContent          `json:"extra_content,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type ExtraContent struct {
+	Google *GoogleExtra `json:"google,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type GoogleExtra struct {
+	ThoughtSignature string `json:"thought_signature,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type FunctionCall struct {
+	Name             string `json:"name"`
+	Arguments        string `json:"arguments"`
+	ThoughtSignature string `json:"thought_signature,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type LLMResponse struct {
+	Content      string     `json:"content"`
+	ToolCalls    []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
+	FinishReason string     `json:"finish_reason"`
+	Usage        *UsageInfo `json:"usage,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type UsageInfo struct {
+	PromptTokens     int `json:"prompt_tokens"`
+	CompletionTokens int `json:"completion_tokens"`
+	TotalTokens      int `json:"total_tokens"`
+}
+
+type Message struct {
+	Role       string     `json:"role"`
+	Content    string     `json:"content"`
+	ToolCalls  []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
+	ToolCallID string     `json:"tool_call_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type ToolDefinition struct {
+	Type     string                 `json:"type"`
+	Function ToolFunctionDefinition `json:"function"`
+}
+
+type ToolFunctionDefinition struct {
+	Name        string                 `json:"name"`
+	Description string                 `json:"description"`
+	Parameters  map[string]interface{} `json:"parameters"`
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/toolcall_utils.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/toolcall_utils.go
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package providers
+
+import "encoding/json"
+
+// NormalizeToolCall normalizes a ToolCall to ensure all fields are properly populated.
+// It handles cases where Name/Arguments might be in different locations (top-level vs Function)
+// and ensures both are populated consistently.
+func NormalizeToolCall(tc ToolCall) ToolCall {
+	normalized := tc
+
+	// Ensure Name is populated from Function if not set
+	if normalized.Name == "" && normalized.Function != nil {
+		normalized.Name = normalized.Function.Name
+	}
+
+	// Ensure Arguments is not nil
+	if normalized.Arguments == nil {
+		normalized.Arguments = map[string]interface{}{}
+	}
+
+	// Parse Arguments from Function.Arguments if not already set
+	if len(normalized.Arguments) == 0 && normalized.Function != nil && normalized.Function.Arguments != "" {
+		var parsed map[string]interface{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(normalized.Function.Arguments), &parsed); err == nil && parsed != nil {
+			normalized.Arguments = parsed
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Ensure Function is populated with consistent values
+	argsJSON, _ := json.Marshal(normalized.Arguments)
+	if normalized.Function == nil {
+		normalized.Function = &FunctionCall{
+			Name:      normalized.Name,
+			Arguments: string(argsJSON),
+		}
+	} else {
+		if normalized.Function.Name == "" {
+			normalized.Function.Name = normalized.Name
+		}
+		if normalized.Name == "" {
+			normalized.Name = normalized.Function.Name
+		}
+		if normalized.Function.Arguments == "" {
+			normalized.Function.Arguments = string(argsJSON)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return normalized
+}
--- a/pkg/providers/types.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/types.go
@ -1,52 +1,66 @@
 package providers

-import "context"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"

-type ToolCall struct {
-	ID        string                 `json:"id"`
-	Type      string                 `json:"type,omitempty"`
-	Function  *FunctionCall          `json:"function,omitempty"`
-	Name      string                 `json:"name,omitempty"`
-	Arguments map[string]interface{} `json:"arguments,omitempty"`
-}
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/protocoltypes"
+)

-type FunctionCall struct {
-	Name      string `json:"name"`
-	Arguments string `json:"arguments"`
-}
-
-type LLMResponse struct {
-	Content      string     `json:"content"`
-	ToolCalls    []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
-	FinishReason string     `json:"finish_reason"`
-	Usage        *UsageInfo `json:"usage,omitempty"`
-}
-
-type UsageInfo struct {
-	PromptTokens     int `json:"prompt_tokens"`
-	CompletionTokens int `json:"completion_tokens"`
-	TotalTokens      int `json:"total_tokens"`
-}
-
-type Message struct {
-	Role       string     `json:"role"`
-	Content    string     `json:"content"`
-	ToolCalls  []ToolCall `json:"tool_calls,omitempty"`
-	ToolCallID string     `json:"tool_call_id,omitempty"`
-}
+type ToolCall = protocoltypes.ToolCall
+type FunctionCall = protocoltypes.FunctionCall
+type LLMResponse = protocoltypes.LLMResponse
+type UsageInfo = protocoltypes.UsageInfo
+type Message = protocoltypes.Message
+type ToolDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolDefinition
+type ToolFunctionDefinition = protocoltypes.ToolFunctionDefinition
+type ExtraContent = protocoltypes.ExtraContent
+type GoogleExtra = protocoltypes.GoogleExtra

 type LLMProvider interface {
 	Chat(ctx context.Context, messages []Message, tools []ToolDefinition, model string, options map[string]interface{}) (*LLMResponse, error)
 	GetDefaultModel() string
 }

-type ToolDefinition struct {
-	Type     string                 `json:"type"`
-	Function ToolFunctionDefinition `json:"function"`
+// FailoverReason classifies why an LLM request failed for fallback decisions.
+type FailoverReason string
+
+const (
+	FailoverAuth       FailoverReason = "auth"
+	FailoverRateLimit  FailoverReason = "rate_limit"
+	FailoverBilling    FailoverReason = "billing"
+	FailoverTimeout    FailoverReason = "timeout"
+	FailoverFormat     FailoverReason = "format"
+	FailoverOverloaded FailoverReason = "overloaded"
+	FailoverUnknown    FailoverReason = "unknown"
+)
+
+// FailoverError wraps an LLM provider error with classification metadata.
+type FailoverError struct {
+	Reason   FailoverReason
+	Provider string
+	Model    string
+	Status   int
+	Wrapped  error
 }

-type ToolFunctionDefinition struct {
-	Name        string                 `json:"name"`
-	Description string                 `json:"description"`
-	Parameters  map[string]interface{} `json:"parameters"`
+func (e *FailoverError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("failover(%s): provider=%s model=%s status=%d: %v",
+		e.Reason, e.Provider, e.Model, e.Status, e.Wrapped)
+}
+
+func (e *FailoverError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.Wrapped
+}
+
+// IsRetriable returns true if this error should trigger fallback to next candidate.
+// Non-retriable: Format errors (bad request structure, image dimension/size).
+func (e *FailoverError) IsRetriable() bool {
+	return e.Reason != FailoverFormat
+}
+
+// ModelConfig holds primary model and fallback list.
+type ModelConfig struct {
+	Primary   string
+	Fallbacks []string
 }
--- a/pkg/routing/agent_id.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/agent_id.go
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package routing
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const (
+	DefaultAgentID   = "main"
+	DefaultMainKey   = "main"
+	DefaultAccountID = "default"
+	MaxAgentIDLength = 64
+)
+
+var (
+	validIDRe      = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}$`)
+	invalidCharsRe = regexp.MustCompile(`[^a-z0-9_-]+`)
+	leadingDashRe  = regexp.MustCompile(`^-+`)
+	trailingDashRe = regexp.MustCompile(`-+$`)
+)
+
+// NormalizeAgentID sanitizes an agent ID to [a-z0-9][a-z0-9_-]{0,63}.
+// Invalid characters are collapsed to "-". Leading/trailing dashes stripped.
+// Empty input returns DefaultAgentID ("main").
+func NormalizeAgentID(id string) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(id)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return DefaultAgentID
+	}
+	lower := strings.ToLower(trimmed)
+	if validIDRe.MatchString(lower) {
+		return lower
+	}
+	result := invalidCharsRe.ReplaceAllString(lower, "-")
+	result = leadingDashRe.ReplaceAllString(result, "")
+	result = trailingDashRe.ReplaceAllString(result, "")
+	if len(result) > MaxAgentIDLength {
+		result = result[:MaxAgentIDLength]
+	}
+	if result == "" {
+		return DefaultAgentID
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// NormalizeAccountID sanitizes an account ID. Empty returns DefaultAccountID.
+func NormalizeAccountID(id string) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(id)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return DefaultAccountID
+	}
+	lower := strings.ToLower(trimmed)
+	if validIDRe.MatchString(lower) {
+		return lower
+	}
+	result := invalidCharsRe.ReplaceAllString(lower, "-")
+	result = leadingDashRe.ReplaceAllString(result, "")
+	result = trailingDashRe.ReplaceAllString(result, "")
+	if len(result) > MaxAgentIDLength {
+		result = result[:MaxAgentIDLength]
+	}
+	if result == "" {
+		return DefaultAccountID
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/pkg/routing/agent_id_test.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/agent_id_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package routing
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAgentID(""); got != DefaultAgentID {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAgentID('') = %q, want %q", got, DefaultAgentID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_Whitespace(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAgentID("  "); got != DefaultAgentID {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAgentID('  ') = %q, want %q", got, DefaultAgentID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input, want string
+	}{
+		{"main", "main"},
+		{"Main", "main"},
+		{"SALES", "sales"},
+		{"support-bot", "support-bot"},
+		{"agent_1", "agent_1"},
+		{"a", "a"},
+		{"0test", "0test"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := NormalizeAgentID(tt.input); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("NormalizeAgentID(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_InvalidChars(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input, want string
+	}{
+		{"Hello World", "hello-world"},
+		{"agent@123", "agent-123"},
+		{"foo.bar.baz", "foo-bar-baz"},
+		{"--leading", "leading"},
+		{"--both--", "both"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := NormalizeAgentID(tt.input); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("NormalizeAgentID(%q) = %q, want %q", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_AllInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAgentID("@@@"); got != DefaultAgentID {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAgentID('@@@') = %q, want %q", got, DefaultAgentID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAgentID_TruncatesAt64(t *testing.T) {
+	long := ""
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		long += "a"
+	}
+	got := NormalizeAgentID(long)
+	if len(got) > MaxAgentIDLength {
+		t.Errorf("length = %d, want <= %d", len(got), MaxAgentIDLength)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAccountID_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAccountID(""); got != DefaultAccountID {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAccountID('') = %q, want %q", got, DefaultAccountID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAccountID_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAccountID("MyBot"); got != "mybot" {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAccountID('MyBot') = %q, want 'mybot'", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNormalizeAccountID_InvalidChars(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := NormalizeAccountID("bot@home"); got != "bot-home" {
+		t.Errorf("NormalizeAccountID('bot@home') = %q, want 'bot-home'", got)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/routing/route.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/route.go
@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+package routing
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+// RouteInput contains the routing context from an inbound message.
+type RouteInput struct {
+	Channel    string
+	AccountID  string
+	Peer       *RoutePeer
+	ParentPeer *RoutePeer
+	GuildID    string
+	TeamID     string
+}
+
+// ResolvedRoute is the result of agent routing.
+type ResolvedRoute struct {
+	AgentID        string
+	Channel        string
+	AccountID      string
+	SessionKey     string
+	MainSessionKey string
+	MatchedBy      string // "binding.peer", "binding.peer.parent", "binding.guild", "binding.team", "binding.account", "binding.channel", "default"
+}
+
+// RouteResolver determines which agent handles a message based on config bindings.
+type RouteResolver struct {
+	cfg *config.Config
+}
+
+// NewRouteResolver creates a new route resolver.
+func NewRouteResolver(cfg *config.Config) *RouteResolver {
+	return &RouteResolver{cfg: cfg}
+}
+
+// ResolveRoute determines which agent handles the message and constructs session keys.
+// Implements the 7-level priority cascade:
+// peer > parent_peer > guild > team > account > channel_wildcard > default
+func (r *RouteResolver) ResolveRoute(input RouteInput) ResolvedRoute {
+	channel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(input.Channel))
+	accountID := NormalizeAccountID(input.AccountID)
+	peer := input.Peer
+
+	dmScope := DMScope(r.cfg.Session.DMScope)
+	if dmScope == "" {
+		dmScope = DMScopeMain
+	}
+	identityLinks := r.cfg.Session.IdentityLinks
+
+	bindings := r.filterBindings(channel, accountID)
+
+	choose := func(agentID string, matchedBy string) ResolvedRoute {
+		resolvedAgentID := r.pickAgentID(agentID)
+		sessionKey := strings.ToLower(BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+			AgentID:       resolvedAgentID,
+			Channel:       channel,
+			AccountID:     accountID,
+			Peer:          peer,
+			DMScope:       dmScope,
+			IdentityLinks: identityLinks,
+		}))
+		mainSessionKey := strings.ToLower(BuildAgentMainSessionKey(resolvedAgentID))
+		return ResolvedRoute{
+			AgentID:        resolvedAgentID,
+			Channel:        channel,
+			AccountID:      accountID,
+			SessionKey:     sessionKey,
+			MainSessionKey: mainSessionKey,
+			MatchedBy:      matchedBy,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Priority 1: Peer binding
+	if peer != nil && strings.TrimSpace(peer.ID) != "" {
+		if match := r.findPeerMatch(bindings, peer); match != nil {
+			return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.peer")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Priority 2: Parent peer binding
+	parentPeer := input.ParentPeer
+	if parentPeer != nil && strings.TrimSpace(parentPeer.ID) != "" {
+		if match := r.findPeerMatch(bindings, parentPeer); match != nil {
+			return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.peer.parent")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Priority 3: Guild binding
+	guildID := strings.TrimSpace(input.GuildID)
+	if guildID != "" {
+		if match := r.findGuildMatch(bindings, guildID); match != nil {
+			return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.guild")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Priority 4: Team binding
+	teamID := strings.TrimSpace(input.TeamID)
+	if teamID != "" {
+		if match := r.findTeamMatch(bindings, teamID); match != nil {
+			return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.team")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Priority 5: Account binding
+	if match := r.findAccountMatch(bindings); match != nil {
+		return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.account")
+	}
+
+	// Priority 6: Channel wildcard binding
+	if match := r.findChannelWildcardMatch(bindings); match != nil {
+		return choose(match.AgentID, "binding.channel")
+	}
+
+	// Priority 7: Default agent
+	return choose(r.resolveDefaultAgentID(), "default")
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) filterBindings(channel, accountID string) []config.AgentBinding {
+	var filtered []config.AgentBinding
+	for _, b := range r.cfg.Bindings {
+		matchChannel := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.Channel))
+		if matchChannel == "" || matchChannel != channel {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !matchesAccountID(b.Match.AccountID, accountID) {
+			continue
+		}
+		filtered = append(filtered, b)
+	}
+	return filtered
+}
+
+func matchesAccountID(matchAccountID, actual string) bool {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(matchAccountID)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return actual == DefaultAccountID
+	}
+	if trimmed == "*" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return strings.ToLower(trimmed) == strings.ToLower(actual)
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) findPeerMatch(bindings []config.AgentBinding, peer *RoutePeer) *config.AgentBinding {
+	for i := range bindings {
+		b := &bindings[i]
+		if b.Match.Peer == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		peerKind := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.Peer.Kind))
+		peerID := strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.Peer.ID)
+		if peerKind == "" || peerID == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if peerKind == strings.ToLower(peer.Kind) && peerID == peer.ID {
+			return b
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) findGuildMatch(bindings []config.AgentBinding, guildID string) *config.AgentBinding {
+	for i := range bindings {
+		b := &bindings[i]
+		matchGuild := strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.GuildID)
+		if matchGuild != "" && matchGuild == guildID {
+			return &bindings[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) findTeamMatch(bindings []config.AgentBinding, teamID string) *config.AgentBinding {
+	for i := range bindings {
+		b := &bindings[i]
+		matchTeam := strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.TeamID)
+		if matchTeam != "" && matchTeam == teamID {
+			return &bindings[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) findAccountMatch(bindings []config.AgentBinding) *config.AgentBinding {
+	for i := range bindings {
+		b := &bindings[i]
+		accountID := strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.AccountID)
+		if accountID == "*" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if b.Match.Peer != nil || b.Match.GuildID != "" || b.Match.TeamID != "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		return &bindings[i]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) findChannelWildcardMatch(bindings []config.AgentBinding) *config.AgentBinding {
+	for i := range bindings {
+		b := &bindings[i]
+		accountID := strings.TrimSpace(b.Match.AccountID)
+		if accountID != "*" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if b.Match.Peer != nil || b.Match.GuildID != "" || b.Match.TeamID != "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		return &bindings[i]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) pickAgentID(agentID string) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(agentID)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return NormalizeAgentID(r.resolveDefaultAgentID())
+	}
+	normalized := NormalizeAgentID(trimmed)
+	agents := r.cfg.Agents.List
+	if len(agents) == 0 {
+		return normalized
+	}
+	for _, a := range agents {
+		if NormalizeAgentID(a.ID) == normalized {
+			return normalized
+		}
+	}
+	return NormalizeAgentID(r.resolveDefaultAgentID())
+}
+
+func (r *RouteResolver) resolveDefaultAgentID() string {
+	agents := r.cfg.Agents.List
+	if len(agents) == 0 {
+		return DefaultAgentID
+	}
+	for _, a := range agents {
+		if a.Default {
+			id := strings.TrimSpace(a.ID)
+			if id != "" {
+				return NormalizeAgentID(id)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if id := strings.TrimSpace(agents[0].ID); id != "" {
+		return NormalizeAgentID(id)
+	}
+	return DefaultAgentID
+}
--- a/pkg/routing/route_test.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/route_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+package routing
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func testConfig(agents []config.AgentConfig, bindings []config.AgentBinding) *config.Config {
+	return &config.Config{
+		Agents: config.AgentsConfig{
+			Defaults: config.AgentDefaults{
+				Workspace: "/tmp/picoclaw-test",
+				Model:     "gpt-4",
+			},
+			List: agents,
+		},
+		Bindings: bindings,
+		Session: config.SessionConfig{
+			DMScope: "per-peer",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_DefaultAgent_NoBindings(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := testConfig(nil, nil)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user1"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != DefaultAgentID {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want %q", route.AgentID, DefaultAgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "default" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'default'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_PeerBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "sales", Default: true},
+		{ID: "support"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "support",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "telegram",
+				AccountID: "*",
+				Peer:      &config.PeerMatch{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "support" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'support'", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.peer" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.peer'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_GuildBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "general", Default: true},
+		{ID: "gaming"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "gaming",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "discord",
+				AccountID: "*",
+				GuildID:   "guild-abc",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "discord",
+		GuildID: "guild-abc",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "channel", ID: "ch1"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "gaming" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'gaming'", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.guild" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.guild'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_TeamBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "general", Default: true},
+		{ID: "work"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "work",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "slack",
+				AccountID: "*",
+				TeamID:    "T12345",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "slack",
+		TeamID:  "T12345",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "channel", ID: "C001"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "work" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'work'", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.team" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.team'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_AccountBinding(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "default-agent", Default: true},
+		{ID: "premium"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "premium",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "telegram",
+				AccountID: "bot2",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel:   "telegram",
+		AccountID: "bot2",
+		Peer:      &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user1"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "premium" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'premium'", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.account" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.account'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_ChannelWildcard(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "main", Default: true},
+		{ID: "telegram-bot"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "telegram-bot",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "telegram",
+				AccountID: "*",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user1"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "telegram-bot" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'telegram-bot'", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.channel" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.channel'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_PriorityOrder_PeerBeatsGuild(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "general", Default: true},
+		{ID: "vip"},
+		{ID: "gaming"},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "vip",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "discord",
+				AccountID: "*",
+				Peer:      &config.PeerMatch{Kind: "direct", ID: "user-vip"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			AgentID: "gaming",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "discord",
+				AccountID: "*",
+				GuildID:   "guild-1",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "discord",
+		GuildID: "guild-1",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user-vip"},
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "vip" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'vip' (peer should beat guild)", route.AgentID)
+	}
+	if route.MatchedBy != "binding.peer" {
+		t.Errorf("MatchedBy = %q, want 'binding.peer'", route.MatchedBy)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_InvalidAgentFallsToDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "main", Default: true},
+	}
+	bindings := []config.AgentBinding{
+		{
+			AgentID: "nonexistent",
+			Match: config.BindingMatch{
+				Channel:   "telegram",
+				AccountID: "*",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, bindings)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "telegram",
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "main" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'main' (invalid agent should fall to default)", route.AgentID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_DefaultAgentSelection(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "alpha"},
+		{ID: "beta", Default: true},
+		{ID: "gamma"},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, nil)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "cli",
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "beta" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'beta' (marked as default)", route.AgentID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveRoute_NoDefaultUsesFirst(t *testing.T) {
+	agents := []config.AgentConfig{
+		{ID: "alpha"},
+		{ID: "beta"},
+	}
+	cfg := testConfig(agents, nil)
+	r := NewRouteResolver(cfg)
+
+	route := r.ResolveRoute(RouteInput{
+		Channel: "cli",
+	})
+
+	if route.AgentID != "alpha" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'alpha' (first in list)", route.AgentID)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/routing/session_key.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/session_key.go
@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+package routing
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// DMScope controls DM session isolation granularity.
+type DMScope string
+
+const (
+	DMScopeMain                  DMScope = "main"
+	DMScopePerPeer               DMScope = "per-peer"
+	DMScopePerChannelPeer        DMScope = "per-channel-peer"
+	DMScopePerAccountChannelPeer DMScope = "per-account-channel-peer"
+)
+
+// RoutePeer represents a chat peer with kind and ID.
+type RoutePeer struct {
+	Kind string // "direct", "group", "channel"
+	ID   string
+}
+
+// SessionKeyParams holds all inputs for session key construction.
+type SessionKeyParams struct {
+	AgentID       string
+	Channel       string
+	AccountID     string
+	Peer          *RoutePeer
+	DMScope       DMScope
+	IdentityLinks map[string][]string
+}
+
+// ParsedSessionKey is the result of parsing an agent-scoped session key.
+type ParsedSessionKey struct {
+	AgentID string
+	Rest    string
+}
+
+// BuildAgentMainSessionKey returns "agent:<agentId>:main".
+func BuildAgentMainSessionKey(agentID string) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("agent:%s:%s", NormalizeAgentID(agentID), DefaultMainKey)
+}
+
+// BuildAgentPeerSessionKey constructs a session key based on agent, channel, peer, and DM scope.
+func BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(params SessionKeyParams) string {
+	agentID := NormalizeAgentID(params.AgentID)
+
+	peer := params.Peer
+	if peer == nil {
+		peer = &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct"}
+	}
+	peerKind := strings.TrimSpace(peer.Kind)
+	if peerKind == "" {
+		peerKind = "direct"
+	}
+
+	if peerKind == "direct" {
+		dmScope := params.DMScope
+		if dmScope == "" {
+			dmScope = DMScopeMain
+		}
+		peerID := strings.TrimSpace(peer.ID)
+
+		// Resolve identity links (cross-platform collapse)
+		if dmScope != DMScopeMain && peerID != "" {
+			if linked := resolveLinkedPeerID(params.IdentityLinks, params.Channel, peerID); linked != "" {
+				peerID = linked
+			}
+		}
+		peerID = strings.ToLower(peerID)
+
+		switch dmScope {
+		case DMScopePerAccountChannelPeer:
+			if peerID != "" {
+				channel := normalizeChannel(params.Channel)
+				accountID := NormalizeAccountID(params.AccountID)
+				return fmt.Sprintf("agent:%s:%s:%s:direct:%s", agentID, channel, accountID, peerID)
+			}
+		case DMScopePerChannelPeer:
+			if peerID != "" {
+				channel := normalizeChannel(params.Channel)
+				return fmt.Sprintf("agent:%s:%s:direct:%s", agentID, channel, peerID)
+			}
+		case DMScopePerPeer:
+			if peerID != "" {
+				return fmt.Sprintf("agent:%s:direct:%s", agentID, peerID)
+			}
+		}
+		return BuildAgentMainSessionKey(agentID)
+	}
+
+	// Group/channel peers always get per-peer sessions
+	channel := normalizeChannel(params.Channel)
+	peerID := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(peer.ID))
+	if peerID == "" {
+		peerID = "unknown"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("agent:%s:%s:%s:%s", agentID, channel, peerKind, peerID)
+}
+
+// ParseAgentSessionKey extracts agentId and rest from "agent:<agentId>:<rest>".
+func ParseAgentSessionKey(sessionKey string) *ParsedSessionKey {
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(sessionKey)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	parts := strings.SplitN(raw, ":", 3)
+	if len(parts) < 3 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if parts[0] != "agent" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	agentID := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+	rest := parts[2]
+	if agentID == "" || rest == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &ParsedSessionKey{AgentID: agentID, Rest: rest}
+}
+
+// IsSubagentSessionKey returns true if the session key represents a subagent.
+func IsSubagentSessionKey(sessionKey string) bool {
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(sessionKey)
+	if raw == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(raw), "subagent:") {
+		return true
+	}
+	parsed := ParseAgentSessionKey(raw)
+	if parsed == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(parsed.Rest), "subagent:")
+}
+
+func normalizeChannel(channel string) string {
+	c := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(channel))
+	if c == "" {
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+	return c
+}
+
+func resolveLinkedPeerID(identityLinks map[string][]string, channel, peerID string) string {
+	if len(identityLinks) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	peerID = strings.TrimSpace(peerID)
+	if peerID == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	candidates := make(map[string]bool)
+	rawCandidate := strings.ToLower(peerID)
+	if rawCandidate != "" {
+		candidates[rawCandidate] = true
+	}
+	channel = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(channel))
+	if channel != "" {
+		scopedCandidate := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", channel, strings.ToLower(peerID))
+		candidates[scopedCandidate] = true
+	}
+	if len(candidates) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	for canonical, ids := range identityLinks {
+		canonicalName := strings.TrimSpace(canonical)
+		if canonicalName == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, id := range ids {
+			normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(id))
+			if normalized != "" && candidates[normalized] {
+				return canonicalName
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
--- a/pkg/routing/session_key_test.go
+++ b/pkg/routing/session_key_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+package routing
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestBuildAgentMainSessionKey(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentMainSessionKey("sales")
+	want := "agent:sales:main"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("BuildAgentMainSessionKey('sales') = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentMainSessionKey_Normalizes(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentMainSessionKey("Sales Bot")
+	want := "agent:sales-bot:main"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("BuildAgentMainSessionKey('Sales Bot') = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_DMScopeMain(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID: "main",
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+		DMScope: DMScopeMain,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:main"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("DMScopeMain = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_DMScopePerPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID: "main",
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+		DMScope: DMScopePerPeer,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:direct:user123"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("DMScopePerPeer = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_DMScopePerChannelPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID: "main",
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+		DMScope: DMScopePerChannelPeer,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:telegram:direct:user123"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("DMScopePerChannelPeer = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_DMScopePerAccountChannelPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID:   "main",
+		Channel:   "telegram",
+		AccountID: "bot1",
+		Peer:      &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "User123"},
+		DMScope:   DMScopePerAccountChannelPeer,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:telegram:bot1:direct:user123"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("DMScopePerAccountChannelPeer = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_GroupPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID: "main",
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    &RoutePeer{Kind: "group", ID: "chat456"},
+		DMScope: DMScopePerPeer,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:telegram:group:chat456"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("GroupPeer = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_NilPeer(t *testing.T) {
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID: "main",
+		Channel: "telegram",
+		Peer:    nil,
+		DMScope: DMScopePerPeer,
+	})
+	// nil peer defaults to direct with empty ID, falls to main
+	want := "agent:main:main"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("NilPeer = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildAgentPeerSessionKey_IdentityLink(t *testing.T) {
+	links := map[string][]string{
+		"john": {"telegram:user123", "discord:john#1234"},
+	}
+	got := BuildAgentPeerSessionKey(SessionKeyParams{
+		AgentID:       "main",
+		Channel:       "telegram",
+		Peer:          &RoutePeer{Kind: "direct", ID: "user123"},
+		DMScope:       DMScopePerPeer,
+		IdentityLinks: links,
+	})
+	want := "agent:main:direct:john"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("IdentityLink = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseAgentSessionKey_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	parsed := ParseAgentSessionKey("agent:sales:telegram:direct:user123")
+	if parsed == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil result")
+	}
+	if parsed.AgentID != "sales" {
+		t.Errorf("AgentID = %q, want 'sales'", parsed.AgentID)
+	}
+	if parsed.Rest != "telegram:direct:user123" {
+		t.Errorf("Rest = %q, want 'telegram:direct:user123'", parsed.Rest)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseAgentSessionKey_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []string{
+		"",
+		"foo:bar",
+		"notprefix:sales:main",
+		"agent::main",
+		"agent:sales:",
+	}
+	for _, input := range tests {
+		if got := ParseAgentSessionKey(input); got != nil {
+			t.Errorf("ParseAgentSessionKey(%q) = %+v, want nil", input, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsSubagentSessionKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		want  bool
+	}{
+		{"subagent:task-1", true},
+		{"agent:main:subagent:task-1", true},
+		{"agent:main:main", false},
+		{"agent:main:telegram:direct:user123", false},
+		{"", false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := IsSubagentSessionKey(tt.input); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("IsSubagentSessionKey(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.input, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/skills/clawhub_registry.go
+++ b/pkg/skills/clawhub_registry.go
@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+package skills
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultClawHubTimeout  = 30 * time.Second
+	defaultMaxZipSize      = 50 * 1024 * 1024 // 50 MB
+	defaultMaxResponseSize = 2 * 1024 * 1024  // 2 MB
+)
+
+// ClawHubRegistry implements SkillRegistry for the ClawHub platform.
+type ClawHubRegistry struct {
+	baseURL         string
+	authToken       string // Optional - for elevated rate limits
+	searchPath      string // Search API
+	skillsPath      string // For retrieving skill metadata
+	downloadPath    string // For fetching ZIP files for download
+	maxZipSize      int
+	maxResponseSize int
+	client          *http.Client
+}
+
+// NewClawHubRegistry creates a new ClawHub registry client from config.
+func NewClawHubRegistry(cfg ClawHubConfig) *ClawHubRegistry {
+	baseURL := cfg.BaseURL
+	if baseURL == "" {
+		baseURL = "https://clawhub.ai"
+	}
+	searchPath := cfg.SearchPath
+	if searchPath == "" {
+		searchPath = "/api/v1/search"
+	}
+	skillsPath := cfg.SkillsPath
+	if skillsPath == "" {
+		skillsPath = "/api/v1/skills"
+	}
+	downloadPath := cfg.DownloadPath
+	if downloadPath == "" {
+		downloadPath = "/api/v1/download"
+	}
+
+	timeout := defaultClawHubTimeout
+	if cfg.Timeout > 0 {
+		timeout = time.Duration(cfg.Timeout) * time.Second
+	}
+
+	maxZip := defaultMaxZipSize
+	if cfg.MaxZipSize > 0 {
+		maxZip = cfg.MaxZipSize
+	}
+
+	maxResp := defaultMaxResponseSize
+	if cfg.MaxResponseSize > 0 {
+		maxResp = cfg.MaxResponseSize
+	}
+
+	return &ClawHubRegistry{
+		baseURL:         baseURL,
+		authToken:       cfg.AuthToken,
+		searchPath:      searchPath,
+		skillsPath:      skillsPath,
+		downloadPath:    downloadPath,
+		maxZipSize:      maxZip,
+		maxResponseSize: maxResp,
+		client: &http.Client{
+			Timeout: timeout,
+			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				MaxIdleConns:        5,
+				IdleConnTimeout:     30 * time.Second,
+				TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *ClawHubRegistry) Name() string {
+	return "clawhub"
+}
+
+// --- Search ---
+
+type clawhubSearchResponse struct {
+	Results []clawhubSearchResult `json:"results"`
+}
+
+type clawhubSearchResult struct {
+	Score       float64 `json:"score"`
+	Slug        *string `json:"slug"`
+	DisplayName *string `json:"displayName"`
+	Summary     *string `json:"summary"`
+	Version     *string `json:"version"`
+}
+
+func (c *ClawHubRegistry) Search(ctx context.Context, query string, limit int) ([]SearchResult, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(c.baseURL + c.searchPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid base URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("q", query)
+	if limit > 0 {
+		q.Set("limit", fmt.Sprintf("%d", limit))
+	}
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+
+	body, err := c.doGet(ctx, u.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("search request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var resp clawhubSearchResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse search response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	results := make([]SearchResult, 0, len(resp.Results))
+	for _, r := range resp.Results {
+		slug := utils.DerefStr(r.Slug, "")
+		if slug == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		summary := utils.DerefStr(r.Summary, "")
+		if summary == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		displayName := utils.DerefStr(r.DisplayName, "")
+		if displayName == "" {
+			displayName = slug
+		}
+
+		results = append(results, SearchResult{
+			Score:        r.Score,
+			Slug:         slug,
+			DisplayName:  displayName,
+			Summary:      summary,
+			Version:      utils.DerefStr(r.Version, ""),
+			RegistryName: c.Name(),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return results, nil
+}
+
+// --- GetSkillMeta ---
+
+type clawhubSkillResponse struct {
+	Slug          string                 `json:"slug"`
+	DisplayName   string                 `json:"displayName"`
+	Summary       string                 `json:"summary"`
+	LatestVersion *clawhubVersionInfo    `json:"latestVersion"`
+	Moderation    *clawhubModerationInfo `json:"moderation"`
+}
+
+type clawhubVersionInfo struct {
+	Version string `json:"version"`
+}
+
+type clawhubModerationInfo struct {
+	IsMalwareBlocked bool `json:"isMalwareBlocked"`
+	IsSuspicious     bool `json:"isSuspicious"`
+}
+
+func (c *ClawHubRegistry) GetSkillMeta(ctx context.Context, slug string) (*SkillMeta, error) {
+	if err := utils.ValidateSkillIdentifier(slug); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid slug %q: error: %s", slug, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	u := c.baseURL + c.skillsPath + "/" + url.PathEscape(slug)
+
+	body, err := c.doGet(ctx, u)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("skill metadata request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var resp clawhubSkillResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse skill metadata: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	meta := &SkillMeta{
+		Slug:         resp.Slug,
+		DisplayName:  resp.DisplayName,
+		Summary:      resp.Summary,
+		RegistryName: c.Name(),
+	}
+
+	if resp.LatestVersion != nil {
+		meta.LatestVersion = resp.LatestVersion.Version
+	}
+	if resp.Moderation != nil {
+		meta.IsMalwareBlocked = resp.Moderation.IsMalwareBlocked
+		meta.IsSuspicious = resp.Moderation.IsSuspicious
+	}
+
+	return meta, nil
+}
+
+// --- DownloadAndInstall ---
+
+// DownloadAndInstall fetches metadata (with fallback), resolves version,
+// downloads the skill ZIP, and extracts it to targetDir.
+// Returns an InstallResult for the caller to use for moderation decisions.
+func (c *ClawHubRegistry) DownloadAndInstall(ctx context.Context, slug, version, targetDir string) (*InstallResult, error) {
+	if err := utils.ValidateSkillIdentifier(slug); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid slug %q: error: %s", slug, err.Error())
+	}
+
+	// Step 1: Fetch metadata (with fallback).
+	result := &InstallResult{}
+	meta, err := c.GetSkillMeta(ctx, slug)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Fallback: proceed without metadata.
+		meta = nil
+	}
+
+	if meta != nil {
+		result.IsMalwareBlocked = meta.IsMalwareBlocked
+		result.IsSuspicious = meta.IsSuspicious
+		result.Summary = meta.Summary
+	}
+
+	// Step 2: Resolve version.
+	installVersion := version
+	if installVersion == "" && meta != nil {
+		installVersion = meta.LatestVersion
+	}
+	if installVersion == "" {
+		installVersion = "latest"
+	}
+	result.Version = installVersion
+
+	// Step 3: Download ZIP to temp file (streams in ~32KB chunks).
+	u, err := url.Parse(c.baseURL + c.downloadPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid base URL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("slug", slug)
+	if installVersion != "latest" {
+		q.Set("version", installVersion)
+	}
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", u.String(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create request: %w", err)
+	}
+	if c.authToken != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+c.authToken)
+	}
+
+	tmpPath, err := utils.DownloadToFile(ctx, c.client, req, int64(c.maxZipSize))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("download failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
+
+	// Step 4: Extract from file on disk.
+	if err := utils.ExtractZipFile(tmpPath, targetDir); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// --- HTTP helper ---
+
+func (c *ClawHubRegistry) doGet(ctx context.Context, urlStr string) ([]byte, error) {
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", urlStr, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
+	if c.authToken != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+c.authToken)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	// Limit response body read to prevent memory issues.
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, int64(c.maxResponseSize)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+	}
+
+	return body, nil
+}
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more