refactor(pkg/utils): add unified atomic file write utility

pkg/agent/memory.go

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 // MemoryStore manages persistent memory for the agent.
@@ -58,7 +60,9 @@ func (ms *MemoryStore) ReadLongTerm() string {
 
 // WriteLongTerm writes content to the long-term memory file (MEMORY.md).
 func (ms *MemoryStore) WriteLongTerm(content string) error {
-	return os.WriteFile(ms.memoryFile, []byte(content), 0o644)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	// Using 0o600 (owner read/write only) for secure default permissions.
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(ms.memoryFile, []byte(content), 0o600)
 }
 
 // ReadToday reads today's daily note.
@@ -78,7 +82,9 @@ func (ms *MemoryStore) AppendToday(content string) error {
 
 	// Ensure month directory exists
 	monthDir := filepath.Dir(todayFile)
-	os.MkdirAll(monthDir, 0o755)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(monthDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	var existingContent string
 	if data, err := os.ReadFile(todayFile); err == nil {
@@ -95,7 +101,8 @@ func (ms *MemoryStore) AppendToday(content string) error {
 		newContent = existingContent + "\n" + content
 	}
 
-	return os.WriteFile(todayFile, []byte(newContent), 0o644)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(todayFile, []byte(newContent), 0o600)
 }
 
 // GetRecentDailyNotes returns daily notes from the last N days.

pkg/auth/store.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 type AuthCredential struct {
@@ -63,16 +65,13 @@ func LoadStore() (*AuthStore, error) {
 
 func SaveStore(store *AuthStore) error {
 	path := authFilePath()
-	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(store, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o600)
+
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(path, data, 0o600)
 }
 
 func GetCredential(provider string) (*AuthCredential, error) {

pkg/config/config.go

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/caarlos0/env/v11"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 // rrCounter is a global counter for round-robin load balancing across models.
@@ -526,12 +526,8 @@ func SaveConfig(path string, cfg *Config) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(path, data, 0o600)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o600)
 }
 
 func (c *Config) WorkspacePath() string {

pkg/cron/service.go

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/adhocore/gronx"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 type CronSchedule struct {
@@ -330,17 +330,13 @@ func (cs *CronService) loadStore() error {
 }
 
 func (cs *CronService) saveStoreUnsafe() error {
-	dir := filepath.Dir(cs.storePath)
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(cs.store, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return os.WriteFile(cs.storePath, data, 0o600)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(cs.storePath, data, 0o600)
 }
 
 func (cs *CronService) AddJob(

pkg/heartbeat/service.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/state"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ This file contains tasks for the heartbeat service to check periodically.
 Add your heartbeat tasks below this line:
 `
 
-	if err := os.WriteFile(heartbeatPath, []byte(defaultContent), 0o644); err != nil {
+	if err := utils.WriteFileAtomic(heartbeatPath, []byte(defaultContent), 0o644); err != nil {
 		hs.logError("Failed to create default HEARTBEAT.md: %v", err)
 	} else {
 		hs.logInfo("Created default HEARTBEAT.md template")

pkg/skills/installer.go

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 type SkillInstaller struct {
@@ -64,7 +66,9 @@ func (si *SkillInstaller) InstallFromGitHub(ctx context.Context, repo string) er
 	}
 
 	skillPath := filepath.Join(skillDir, "SKILL.md")
-	if err := os.WriteFile(skillPath, body, 0o644); err != nil {
+	
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	if err := utils.WriteFileAtomic(skillPath, body, 0o600); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write skill file: %w", err)
 	}
 

pkg/state/state.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 // State represents the persistent state for a workspace.
@@ -124,33 +126,20 @@ func (sm *Manager) GetTimestamp() time.Time {
 // saveAtomic performs an atomic save using temp file + rename.
 // This ensures that the state file is never corrupted:
 // 1. Write to a temp file
-// 2. Rename temp file to target (atomic on POSIX systems)
+// 2. Sync to disk (critical for SD cards/flash storage)
-// 3. If rename fails, cleanup the temp file
+// 3. Rename temp file to target (atomic on POSIX systems)
+// 4. If rename fails, cleanup the temp file
 //
 // Must be called with the lock held.
 func (sm *Manager) saveAtomic() error {
-	// Create temp file in the same directory as the target
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
-	tempFile := sm.stateFile + ".tmp"
+	// Using 0o600 (owner read/write only) for secure default permissions.
-
-	// Marshal state to JSON
 	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(sm.state, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal state: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Write to temp file
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(sm.stateFile, data, 0o600)
-	if err := os.WriteFile(tempFile, data, 0o644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Atomic rename from temp to target
-	if err := os.Rename(tempFile, sm.stateFile); err != nil {
-		// Cleanup temp file if rename fails
-		os.Remove(tempFile)
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // load loads the state from disk.

pkg/tools/filesystem.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/utils"
 )
 
 // validatePath ensures the given path is within the workspace if restrict is true.
@@ -276,25 +278,9 @@ func (h *hostFs) ReadDir(path string) ([]os.DirEntry, error) {
 }
 
 func (h *hostFs) WriteFile(path string, data []byte) error {
-	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+	// Using 0o600 (owner read/write only) for secure default permissions.
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create parent directories: %w", err)
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(path, data, 0o600)
-	}
-
-	// We use a "write-then-rename" pattern here to ensure an atomic write.
-	// This prevents the target file from being left in a truncated or partial state
-	// if the operation is interrupted, as the rename operation is atomic on Linux.
-	tmpPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%d.tmp", path, time.Now().UnixNano())
-	if err := os.WriteFile(tmpPath, data, 0o644); err != nil {
-		os.Remove(tmpPath) // Ensure cleanup of partial/empty temp file
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write temp file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, path); err != nil {
-		os.Remove(tmpPath)
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to replace original file: %w", err)
-	}
-	return nil
 }
 
 // sandboxFs is a sandboxed fileSystem that operates within a strictly defined workspace using os.Root.
@@ -351,14 +337,33 @@ func (r *sandboxFs) WriteFile(path string, data []byte) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// We use a "write-then-rename" pattern here to ensure an atomic write.
+		// Use atomic write pattern with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
-		// This prevents the target file from being left in a truncated or partial state
+		// Using 0o600 (owner read/write only) for secure default permissions.
-		// if the operation is interrupted, as the rename operation is atomic on Linux.
+		tmpRelPath := fmt.Sprintf(".tmp-%d.tmp", time.Now().UnixNano())
-		tmpRelPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%d.tmp", relPath, time.Now().UnixNano())
 
-		if err := root.WriteFile(tmpRelPath, data, 0o644); err != nil {
+		tmpFile, err := root.OpenFile(tmpRelPath, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0o600)
-			root.Remove(tmpRelPath) // Ensure cleanup of partial/empty temp file
+		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write to temp file: %w", err)
+			root.Remove(tmpRelPath)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to open temp file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := tmpFile.Write(data); err != nil {
+			tmpFile.Close()
+			root.Remove(tmpRelPath)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write temp file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// CRITICAL: Force sync to storage medium before rename.
+		// This ensures data is physically written to disk, not just cached.
+		if err := tmpFile.Sync(); err != nil {
+			tmpFile.Close()
+			root.Remove(tmpRelPath)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync temp file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+			root.Remove(tmpRelPath)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		if err := root.Rename(tmpRelPath, relPath); err != nil {

pkg/tools/skills_install.go

@@ -197,5 +197,6 @@ func writeOriginMeta(targetDir, registryName, slug, version string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(targetDir, ".skill-origin.json"), data, 0o644)
+	// Use unified atomic write utility with explicit sync for flash storage reliability.
+	return utils.WriteFileAtomic(filepath.Join(targetDir, ".skill-origin.json"), data, 0o600)
 }

pkg/utils/file.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// PicoClaw - Ultra-lightweight personal AI agent
+// Inspired by and based on nanobot: https://github.com/HKUDS/nanobot
+// License: MIT
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 PicoClaw contributors
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// WriteFileAtomic atomically writes data to a file using a temp file + rename pattern.
+//
+// This guarantees that the target file is either:
+// - Completely written with the new data
+// - Unchanged (if write fails or power loss during write)
+//
+// The function:
+// 1. Creates a temp file in the same directory
+// 2. Writes data to temp file
+// 3. Syncs to disk (critical for SD cards/flash storage)
+// 4. Sets file permissions
+// 5. Atomically renames temp file to target path
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - path: Target file path
+//   - data: Data to write
+//   - perm: File permission mode (e.g., 0o600 for secure, 0o644 for readable)
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - Error if any step fails, nil on success
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	// Secure config file (owner read/write only)
+//	err := utils.WriteFileAtomic("config.json", data, 0o600)
+//
+//	// Public readable file
+//	err := utils.WriteFileAtomic("public.txt", data, 0o644)
+func WriteFileAtomic(path string, data []byte, perm os.FileMode) error {
+	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create temp file in the same directory (ensures atomic rename works)
+	tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp(dir, ".tmp-*.tmp")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
+
+	// Cleanup on error: ensure temp file is removed if anything fails
+	cleanup := true
+	defer func() {
+		if cleanup {
+			_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Write data to temp file
+	if _, err := tmpFile.Write(data); err != nil {
+		tmpFile.Close()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// CRITICAL: Force sync to storage medium before rename.
+	// This ensures data is physically written to disk, not just cached.
+	// Essential for SD cards, eMMC, and other flash storage on edge devices.
+	if err := tmpFile.Sync(); err != nil {
+		tmpFile.Close()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to sync temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set file permissions
+	if err := tmpFile.Chmod(perm); err != nil {
+		tmpFile.Close()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set permissions: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Close file before rename
+	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Atomic rename: temp file becomes the target
+	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, path); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rename temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Success: skip cleanup
+	cleanup = false
+	return nil
+}